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. 2021 Jul 8;16:306. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01929-8

Table 1.

Complications associated with PIK3CA-related disorders [1, 3, 9, 42, 50, 52]

Severe functional impairment
Pain
Vascular complications

 Coagulopathy or changes in coagulation

  Chronic consumptive coagulopathy

  Localized intravascular coagulopathy

 Hemorrhage
 Thromboembolism
Infections
Neurologic complications
 Ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus
 Cerebellar tonsillar ectopia
 Brainstem compression
 Seizures

 Developmental delay

 Hypotonia

Risk of malignant tumors
 Wilms’ tumor
 Leukemia
 Meningiomas
Dermatologic, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, or endocrine/metabolism involvement