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Pathophysiological pathways in heart failure and involved biomarkers. sST2 = soluble source of tumorogenesis-2; Gal-3 = galectin-3; PICP = serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I; PIIINP = serum amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III; CITP = serum collagen type I telopeptide; ET-1 = endothelin-1; MPO= Myeloperoxidase; GDF15 = Growth-differentiation factor-15; s-FLC = serum free light chain; ADM = adrenomedullin.
