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. 2021 Jun 24;10(13):2771. doi: 10.3390/jcm10132771

Table 2.

Long noncoding RNA in HF.

lncRNA Experimental Model Mechanism of Action Detection Reference
LIPCAR Maladaptive remodelling (human) Supposed mitochondrial pathways regulation Plasma [80,81]
WISPER Fibrosis and maladaptive remodelling (mouse, human) Super-enhancer for genes involved in fibrosis Myocardial biopsy [83]
CHAST Cardiac remodelling (TAC in mouse and human AoS) Regulation of autophagy and hypertrophy Myocardial biopsy [84]
CHAER Cardiac remodelling (TAC in mouse), dilated cardiomyopathy (human) Epigenetic reprogramming by interacting with polycomb repressor complex 2 Myocardial biopsy [85]
ANRIL Inflammation, cardiac remodelling (mouse, human) NF-kB pathway and epigenetic reprogramming Myocardial biopsy [86,87]
MALAT1 Diabetic cardiomyopathy, inflammation (mouse, human) Epigenetic control of inflammation Myocardial biopsy [88,89]
MIAT Diabetic cardiomyopathy, inflammation (human) Promoting cardiac fibrosis by IL-17 production Serum [89,90]
SENCR Diabetic cardiomyopathy (human) Control of smooth muscle cell phenotype Serum [89]
HEAT2 Cardiac remodelling and fibrosis (human, mouse) Histone metilation Serum [91,92]
MHRT Cardiac remodelling, hypertrophy (mouse, human) Chromatin remodelling by helicase BRG1 inhibition Plasma [93,95,96]
NRON Cardiac remodelling (mouse) Regulation of NFAT and Calcium pathway Plasma [93,94]
GASL1 Cardiac remodelling (mouse) Cardiomyocyte apoptosis modulation by TGF-b pathway Plasma [98]
HOTAIR Inflammation, apoptosis (human, mouse) Modulation of NF-κB pathway Myocardial biopsy [84,92]