Table 2.

The absorption, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of essential minerals in relation to the gut microbiome.

Prebiotic/Probiotics	Mechanisms	Main Outcome	References
Lactobacillus salivarius and Bifidobacterium infantis	Transepithelial calcium transport	Enhanced intestinal calcium uptake	Gilman and Cashman [55]
Se-enriched Bifidobacterium longum	Biotransformation of inorganic Se into bioactive organic Se	High bioaccessibility of selenomethionine and 98% enteric absorbtion	Zhu et al. [151]; Wastney et al. [152]
Prebiotic fiber Acacia	Increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp in the gut	Higher Zn concentrations in the femur of Wistar rats	Massot-Cladera et al. [26]
Lactobacillus plantarum	Microbial metabolite production, enhanced mucin production and immunomodulation	Increased non-heme dietary Fe absorption	Vonderheid et al. [26]
Soluble corn fiber, Parabacteroides and Clostridium	Acidification and SCFA production	Increased mineral solubility and calcium absorption	Trinidad et al. [26]; Cashman [44]
Fermented soymilk with various lactic acid bacteria	Reducing the content of phytic acid	Increasing the bioavailability of magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc	Rekha and Vijayalakshmi [79]
Fermented goats’ milks with Lactobacillus plantarum	Not totally clear	Increased magnesium and calcium bioavailability	Bergillos-Meca et al. [23]