Table 1.
Principal miRs involved in post-AMI LVR phenomenon. For each miR, the actions on selective molecular targets, the determined physiological effects, and experimental models (organ/cell lines) that were used are indicated. Furthermore, drugs or mechanical interventions selectively modulating the expression of each miR are reported. miRs: micro-RNAs; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; LVR: left ventricular remodeling; Cx43: connexin43; TIMPs: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; TGF-β: tumor growth factor-β; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; MMPs: metalloproteinases; IS: infarct size; LV: left ventricle; ECM: extra-cellular matrix; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; RIPer-C: remote ischemic perconditioning; SAC/VAL: sacubitril/valsartan. ↑ indicates an increase; ↓ indicates a decrease.
| miRs | Target | Physiological Effects | Model (Organ/Cell Line) |
Drug and Mechanical Intervention | Drug Effects on miR Expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-1 | ↓ Cx43 expression | ↑ Arrhythmias | Rat (heart/cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts) |
Metoprolol, RIPer-C |
↓ |
| miR-17 | ↓ TIMPs | ↑ MMPs activity | Mouse (heart) |
Not known | Not known |
| miR-21 | ↓ Apoptosis | ↓ IS extension | Rat (heart/cardiomyocytes) |
Not known | Not known |
| miR-24 | ↓ TGF-β, fibronectin, collagen type 1 | ↓ Fibrosis in area at risk | Mouse (heart/cardiomyocytes) |
RIPer-C | ↑ |
| miR-126 | ↓ VCAM-1 | ↓ Plaque formation | Mouse (carotid) |
Atorvastatin | ↑ |
| miR-181a | ↓ Expression of TGF-β receptor III | ↑ Fibrosis, hypertrophy | Rodent (Pluripotent stem cells, cardiomyocytes) |
SAC/VAL | ↓ |
| miR-208 | ↑ Endoglin | ↑ Cardiac fibrosis | Rat (heart) |
Valsartan, Atorvastatin | ↓ |
| miR-210 | ↑ Micro-vessel density | ↑ LV contractility | Rat (heart/cardiomyocytes) |
Not known | Not known |
| miR-221/222 | ↓ eNOS activity | ↓ Angiogenesis | Human (EPCs) |
Atorvastatin | ↓ |
| miR-375 | ↓ PDK1, PI3K and Akt activity | ↓ Cell survival | Mouse (heart/pancreatic β-cells) |
Liraglutide | ↓ |
| miR-532 | ↓ prss activity | ↓ Synthesis of ECM proteins | Mouse (heart) |
Not known | Not known |
| Let-7c | ↓ T cell proliferation | ↓ Plaque rupture | Human (dendrocytes) |
Atorvastatin | ↑ |
| Let-7i | ↓ Toll-like receptor | ↓ Activation of atherosclerotic plaque | Human (monocyte) |
Atorvastatin | ↑ |