Figure 1.

The effects of Salix extracts and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the inhibition of PGE₂ release from activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were pre-treated with Salix extracts B or S6 or ASA 30 min before stimulation for another 24 h with either (A) SARS-CoV-2 peptide mixture (1 µg/mL) and IL-1β (50 ng/mL) or (B) LPS (100 ng/mL). Negative control (NC): cells only. Solvent control (SC): 1% distilled water in activated cells. The amount of PGE₂ in the culture supernatant was measured using an ELISA kit. Bars are the means ± standard deviation (SD) (n ≥ 3). * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, or **** p < 0.0001 versus the SC group.