Figure 4.

The effects of Salix extracts and ASA on the inhibition of PGE₂ release from activated Caco2/HT29-MTX co-culture. After 19–21 d of co-culture, the cells were pre-treated with Salix extracts or ASA for 30 min before activation for 24 h with IL-1β (25 ng/mL), IFN-γ (50 ng/mL), TNF-α (50 ng/mL), and LPS (1 µg/mL). The amount of PGE₂ in supernatant of the (A) apical side and (B) basolateral sides was quantified using an ELISA kit. NC: cells only. SC: 1% distilled water in activated cells. Bars are the means ± SD (n ≥ 3). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, or **** p < 0.0001 versus the SC group.