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. 2021 Jun 28;13(13):3230. doi: 10.3390/cancers13133230

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolic activities/metabolites and the associated noninvasive techniques for their assessment with diagnostic, therapy selection and efficacy prospects. (A). PET-based detection of infused 18FDG. (B). PET-based detection of infused 18FGln. (C). PET-based detection of infused 11CAc. (D). MRS-based detection of infused 2HG. (E). MRI-based detection of 13C-Lactate produced from infused hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate. (F). MRI-based detection of 13C-2HG produced from infused hyperpolarized 1-13C-glutamine. (G). LC-MS-based detection of circulating (D-)2HG. (H). LC-MS-based detection of circulating tryptophan and kynurenine. 18FDG: ¹⁸F-2-deoxyglucose; 18FGln: 4-¹⁸F-(2S,4R)-fluoroglutamine; 11CAc: 1-¹¹C-acetate; ACSS2: acetyl-CoA synthetase 2; IDO1: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1; TDO2: tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase 2.