Figure 3.

Acrolein interferes with glucose metabolic signaling molecules in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. Myotubes were treated with 1 μM acrolein for 24 h. (A) The levels of phosphorylated and total protein expression of IRS1, Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and GSK3α/β were determined by Western blotting and quantified using densitometric analysis. (B) The levels of phosphorylated and total protein expression of p85/PI3K were determined by Western blotting and quantified using densitometric analysis. (C) The glycogen contents in myotubes treated with acrolein (1 μM) for 72 h are shown. Results are represented as means ± SEM for at least four independent experiments. * p < 0.05 versus vehicle control.