Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of assignment to the groups of critical and non-critical illness.
| Critical Illness | Non-Critical Illness | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 219) | (n = 303) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age (median (IQR)) | 60 (50, 70) | 58 (44, 71) | 0.234 |
| Male sex (%) | 116 (53) | 129 (43) | 0.024 |
| Race (%) | 0.170 | ||
| White | 121 (55) | 144 (48) | |
| Black | 69 (32) | 105 (35) | |
| Other | 29 (13) | 54 (18) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity (%) | 21 (10) | 50 (17) | 0.032 |
| Neoplastic disease (%) | 14 (6) | 14 (5) | 0.490 |
| Renal disease (%) | 34 (16) | 49 (16) | 0.938 |
| Liver disease (%) | 4 (2) | 13 (4) | 0.188 |
| Heart failure (%) | 28 (13) | 29 (10) | 0.308 |
| COPD (%) | 33 (15) | 33 (11) | 0.199 |
| Smoking history, current or former (%) | 82 (37) | 100 (33) | 0.338 |
| Diabetes (%) | 79 (36) | 84 (28) | 0.053 |
| Obese (%) | 121 (55) | 154 (51) | 0.362 |
| Hypertension (%) | 116 (53) | 155 (51) | 0.749 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 24 (11) | 40 (13) | 0.525 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 72 (33) | 97 (32) | 0.910 |
| Exam and lab values at time of admission or critical illness, median (IQR) | |||
| Temperature (degrees celsius) | 37.6 (36.9, 38.8) | 37.8 (37.0, 38.5) | 0.880 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 27.0 (21.0, 34.0) | 20.0 (18.0, 24.0) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 101.0 (87.5, 112.5) | 97.0 (80.0, 110.0) | 0.050 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110.0 (97.0, 132.0) | 124.0 (109.0, 141.0) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 61.0 (48.0, 75.0) | 69.0 (61.0, 81.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 77.7 (64.7, 92.3) | 88.7 (78.3, 99.0) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 17.0 (12.0, 29.0) | 15.0 (10.0, 23.0) | 0.021 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 132.0 (112.0, 183.0) | 117.0 (102.0, 143.0) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 37.4 (33.0, 40.7) | 39.0 (35.9, 42.6) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 136.0 (133.0, 138.0) | 136.0 (134.0, 138.0) | 0.544 |
| White blood cell count (×1000 per uL) | 7.8 (5.8, 11.0) | 5.6 (4.3, 7.3) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count (×1000 per uL) | 5.8 (4.5, 8.3) | 3.7 (2.7, 5.6) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (×1000 per uL) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte (ratio) | 8.0 (5.2, 10.1) | 3.4 (2.2, 5.9) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 92.2 (51.3, 218.1) | 33.8 (16.6, 58.2) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L) | 162.4 (82.2, 216.4) | 53.0 (24.5, 120.0) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 813.0 (318.2, 2147.5) | 681.0 (370.0, 1080.0) | 0.115 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 554.5 (289.8, 994.8) | 292.0 (115.5, 637.0) | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.7) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.024 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.3 (2.8, 3.6) | 3.8 (3.5, 4.1) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | <0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 (ratio) | 174.0 (85.4, 253.0) | 355.0 (336.8, 378.5) | <0.001 |
| SpO2/FiO2 (ratio) | 220.0 (95.8, 332.1) | 442.9 (384.5, 457.1) | <0.001 |
| Treatments and therapies, n (%) | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine (%) | 120 (55) | 76 (25) | <0.001 |
| Azithromycin (%) | 158 (72) | 181 (60) | 0.001 |
| Remdesivir (%) | 21 (10) | 7 (2) | <0.001 |
| Steroids (%) | 91 (42) | 28 (9) | <0.001 |
| Low molecular weight heparins (%) | 150 (68) | 180 (59) | 0.092 |
| Heparin (%) | 69 (32) | 17 (6) | <0.001 |
| Plasma (%) | 36 (16) | 7 (2) | <0.001 |
Patients with advanced directives were not included. Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range; PaO2/FiO2, arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen; SpO2/FiO2, peripheral blood oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen.