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. 2021 Jun 26;10(13):2821. doi: 10.3390/jcm10132821

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Spontaneous Ca²⁺ release in adult cardiomyocytes isolated from CPVT mouse hearts. (A) Fluorescence image of Ca²⁺ dynamics monitored with confocal microscopy in a heterozygous RyR2^RS/wt (RS/WT) CM during isoproterenol (ISO, 1 μM) stimulation. Upon steady-state pacing, the last depolarization pulse (p) activates a regular intracellular Ca²⁺ transient, followed by abnormal spontaneous (un-paced) Ca²⁺ waves: * localized; ** cell-wide; *** regenerative. F/Fo, normalized fluorescence Ca²⁺ signal intensity. (B) Bar graph summarizing cell-wide Ca²⁺ wave occurrence in WT and CPVT CMs in basal conditions vs. ISO stimulation. Error bars represent SD; * p < 0.05.