Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy before and after matching. Balance achieved between the DPP4i and non-DPP4i groups after matching.
| before Matching | after Matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | DDP4i (n = 24,623) |
Non-DDP4i (n = 38,201) |
STD | DDP4i (n = 20,444) |
Non-DDP4i (n = 20,444) |
STD |
| Sex (male) | 10,745 (43.6) | 17,084 (44.7) | −0.02 | 8936 (43.7) | 9013 (44.1) | −0.01 |
| Age (years) | 66.5 ± 10.5 | 68.0 ± 11.0 | −0.14 | 66.7 ± 10.5 | 66.7 ± 10.8 | <0.01 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 13,606 (55.3) | 22,849 (59.8) | −0.09 | 11,416 (55.8) | 11,448 (56.0) | <0.01 |
| No. of outpatient visit in the prior year | 16.8 ± 8.9 | 14.1 ± 9.0 | 0.31 | 16.1 ± 8.3 | 16.1 ± 9.7 | <0.01 |
| Previous proliferative DR | 2195 (8.9) | 3605 (9.4) | −0.02 | 1862 (9.1) | 1879 (9.2) | <0.01 |
| Duration of DR (years) | 6.1 ± 3.5 | 6.0 ± 3.5 | 0.03 | 6.0 ± 3.4 | 6.0 ± 3.5 | <0.01 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 20,277 (82.3) | 29,405 (77.0) | 0.13 | 16,560 (81.0) | 16,673 (81.6) | −0.01 |
| Hypertension | 17,202 (69.9) | 25,236 (66.1) | 0.08 | 14,038 (68.7) | 14,140 (69.2) | −0.01 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 11,746 (47.7) | 17,433 (45.6) | 0.04 | 9626 (47.1) | 9608 (47.0) | <0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6126 (24.9) | 8035 (21.0) | 0.09 | 4724 (23.1) | 4745 (23.2) | <0.01 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 3350 (13.6) | 5480 (14.3) | −0.02 | 2804 (13.7) | 2739 (13.4) | 0.01 |
| Ischemic stroke | 3015 (12.2) | 4989 (13.1) | −0.02 | 2526 (12.4) | 2512 (12.3) | <0.01 |
| Heart failure | 1470 (6.0) | 2464 (6.5) | −0.02 | 1186 (5.8) | 1171 (5.7) | <0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 882 (3.6) | 1459 (3.8) | −0.01 | 716 (3.5) | 699 (3.4) | <0.01 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.8 | 0.07 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
| Indicator for diabetic severity | ||||||
| Diabetes duration, years | 11.3 ± 2.7 | 11.0 ± 3.0 | 0.11 | 11.2 ± 2.8 | 11.2 ± 2.9 | −0.01 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 9887 (40.2) | 14,112 (36.9) | 0.07 | 7980 (39.0) | 8065 (39.4) | −0.01 |
| Diabetic foot ulcer | 3366 (13.7) | 5152 (13.5) | 0.01 | 2762 (13.5) | 2751 (13.5) | <0.01 |
| Antidiabetics | ||||||
| Sulfonylurea | 14,543 (59.1) | 19,954 (52.2) | 0.14 | 11,921 (58.3) | 12,065 (59.0) | −0.01 |
| Metformin | 13,162 (53.5) | 22,197 (58.1) | −0.09 | 11,396 (55.7) | 11,537 (56.4) | −0.01 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 4636 (18.8) | 4,779 (12.5) | 0.17 | 3514 (17.2) | 3490 (17.1) | <0.01 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 3076 (12.5) | 210 (13.6) | −0.03 | 2683 (13.1) | 2812 (13.8) | −0.02 |
| Meglitinides | 2574 (10.5) | 2918 (7.6) | 0.10 | 1996 (9.8) | 2024 (9.9) | <0.01 |
| Insulin | 3873 (15.7) | 8299 (21.7) | −0.15 | 3488 (17.1) | 3633 (17.8) | −0.02 |
| Antihypertensives | ||||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers | 15,630 (63.5) | 20,002 (52.4) | 0.23 | 12,445 (60.9) | 12,577 (61.5) | −0.01 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 8509 (34.6) | 14,036 (36.7) | −0.05 | 7174 (35.1) | 7213 (35.3) | <0.01 |
| Beta blockers | 7654 (31.1) | 9780 (25.6) | 0.12 | 6048 (29.6) | 6023 (29.5) | <0.01 |
| Alpha blockers | 1403 (5.7) | 2154 (5.6) | <0.01 | 1163 (5.7) | 1176 (5.8) | <0.01 |
| Thiazide | 1075 (4.4) | 1545 (4.0) | 0.02 | 886 (4.3) | 866 (4.2) | <0.01 |
| Other medications | ||||||
| Antiplatelets | 8767 (35.6) | 11,115 (29.1) | 0.14 | 6970 (34.1) | 7074 (34.6) | −0.01 |
| Anticoagulants | 380 (1.5) | 473 (1.2) | 0.03 | 304 (1.5) | 284 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| Statins | 10,788 (43.8) | 12,319 (32.2) | 0.24 | 8381 (41.0) | 8346 (40.8) | <0.01 |
| Fenofibrates | 2552 (10.4) | 2894 (7.6) | 0.10 | 1975 (9.7) | 1972 (9.6) | <0.01 |
| Follow-up (years) | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 0.06 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 0.08 |
DDP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; STD, standardized difference; DR, diabetic retinopathy. Data are presented as frequency (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation.