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. 2021 Jun 23;22(13):6738. doi: 10.3390/ijms22136738

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of the cellular signaling pathways activated by AT₁ after stimulation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). AA: arachidonic acid; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; AKT: protein kinase B; Ang-(1–7): angiotensin (1–7); Ang I: angiotensin I; Ang II: angiotensin II; ARHGEF1: Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1. AT₁: angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT₂: angiotensin II type 2 receptor; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; CaM: calmodulin; DAG: diacylglycerol; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERK_1/2: extracellular signal regulated kinase ½; GRK: G protein-coupled receptor kinase; GSNO: S-nitrosoglutathione; IP₃: inositol triphosphate; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal Kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; MasR: Mas receptor; MLC: myosin light chain; MLCK: myosin light chain kinase; MLCP: myosin light chain phosphatase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; MYPT: myosin phosphatase target subunit; NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B; NOX: NADPH oxidase; PA: phosphatidic acid; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3 kinase; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-diphosphate; PLA₂: phospholipase A2; PLC_β: phospholipase Cβ; PLD: phospholipase D; PKC: protein kinase C; RhoA: RAS homolog family member A; ROCK: Rho associated protein kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TRV023 and TRV027: β-arrestin biased AT₁ agonists; TRV055 and TRV056: G_q biased AT₁ agonists. The figure was prepared in part with the Servier Medical Art website (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported License).