TABLE 1.
The characteristics of the included studies regarding to the effect of anthocyanins on Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels
| Study | Study design | Study population | Type of intervention | Anthocyanins dose (mg/day) | Trial duration | ALT levels (U/L) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End of trial | ||||||
| 1. Oki et al. (2016) | Randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Healthy Caucasians with borderline hepatitis. Total n = 40. But n = 37 (18 in PSP group and 19 in placebo group) completed the study | Anthocyanin‐rich purple‐ sweet potato (PSP) extract beverage or placebo | 531 | 8 weeks |
PSP group: 23.3 ± 15.7 Placebo group: 19.2 ± 9.0 |
PSP group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 2. Kianbakht et al. (2013) | Randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Patients with diabetes type 2 Total n = 86. But n = 74 (n = 37 in each group) completed the study. |
Whortleberry fruit extract or placebo | 9.088 | 8 weeks |
Whortleberry group: 21.5 ± 8.3 Placebo group: 19.3 ± 6.7 |
Whortleberry group: 26.7 ± 9 Placebo group: 25.8 ± 11.4 |
| 3. Suda et al. (2008) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Healthy men with borderline hepatitis. Total n = 48. But n = 38 (n = 20 in PSP group and n = 18 in placebo group) completed the study | Purple sweet potato (PSP) extract beverage or placebo | 400.6 | 12 weeks |
PSP group: **51.3 (5) Placebo group: **46.5 (5.1) |
PSP group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 4. Qin et al. (2009) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Patients with dyslipidemia. Total n = 120. n = 60 in each group completed the study | Purified anthocyanins or placebo | 320 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: 17.5 ± 7.4 Placebo group: 19.4 ± 8.1 |
Anthocyanins group: 17.1 ± 6.6 Placebo group: 18.8 ± 8.1 |
| 5. Curtis et al. (2009) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Healthy postmenopausal women. Total n = 56. N = 26 completed the study | Elderberry extract or placebo | 500 | 12 weeks |
Elderberry group: 21.3 ± 10.8 Placebo group: 18.9 ± 6.7 |
Elderberry group: 18.7 ± 5.8 Placebo group: 17.6 ± 7.5 |
| 6. Chang et al. (2014) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Subjects with a BMI higher than 27 and NAFLD. Total n = 40. But n = 36 (n = 19 in HSE group and n = 17 in placebo group) completed the study | Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts (HSE) or placebo | 67.5 | 12 weeks |
HSE group: 57.21 ± 35.45 Placebo group: 35.47 ± 20.04 |
HSE group: 55.63 ± 35.62 Placebo group: 28.94 ± 11.69 |
| 7. Kianbakht et al. (2014) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Patients with hyperlipidemia. Total n = 105. But n = 80 (n = 40 in each group) completed the study | Whortleberry fruit extract or placebo | 7.35 | 2 months |
Whortleberry group: 24.42 ± 10.05 Placebo group: 27.07 ± 13.63 |
Whortleberry group: 23.37 ± 10.42 Placebo group: 22.1 ± 10.65 |
| 8. Zhang et al. (2015) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Patients with NAFLD. Total n = 74. n = 37 in each group completed the study | Purified anthocyanins or placebo | 320 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: 36 ± 20.6 Placebo group: 34 ± 20 |
Anthocyanins group: 28 ± 9.6 Placebo group: 33 ± 17.03 |
| 9. Yang, Ling, Yang, et al. (2017) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Patients with pre‐diabetes or early untreated diabetes. Total n = 160. n = 80 in each group completed the study | Purified anthocyanins or placebo | 320 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: 21.58 ± 8.66 Placebo group: 23.63 ± 8.78 |
Anthocyanins group: 20.40 ± 9.30 Placebo group: 21.01 ± 9.2 |
| 10. Soltani et al. (2014) |
Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Hyperlipidemic patients. Total n = 54. But n = 50 (25 in each group) completed the study | Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit extract or placebo | 90 | 4 weeks |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 22.48 ± 10.88 Placebo group: 24.72 ± 9.12 |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 20.88 ± 11.51 Placebo group: 24.24 ± 8.18 |
| 11. Soltani et al. (2015) | Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Diabetic Patients. Total n = 60. n = 30 in each group completed the study | Cornus mas L. Fruit Extract or placebo | 600 | 6 weeks |
Cornus mas L. group: 16.43 ± 9.61 Placebo group: 17.46 ± 8.16 |
Cornus mas L. group: 16.70 ± 6.47 Placebo group: 17.86 ± 7.44 |
| 12. Kianbakht and Hashem‐Dabaghian (2019) | Randomized double‐blind Placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Obese hypertensive outpatients Total n = 112. But n = 100 (n = 50 in each group) completed the study |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos extract or placebo | 2.59 | 3 months |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 13. Hassellund et al. (2013) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (cross‐over) | Pre‐hypertensive men. Total n = 31. But n = 27 completed the study | Purified anthocyanin or placebo | 640 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
Anthocyanin group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 14. Mohtashami et al. (2019) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Hypertensive hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients. Total n = 103 (n = 51 in extract and n = 52 in placebo group). But n = 100 (n = 50 in each group) completed the study | Vaccinium arctostaphylos leaf extract or placebo | 0.77 | 2 months |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 15.9 ± 8.9 Placebo group: 17.2 ± 6.9 |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 14.8 ± 10.2 Placebo group: 16.5 ± 9.0 |
| 15. Asgary et al. (2016) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Hyperlipidemic patients. Total n = 46 (23 in each group). But n = 40 (n = 20 in each group) completed the study | Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit extract or placebo | 1.6 | 4 weeks |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 22.48 ± 10.88 Placebo group: 24.72 ± 9.12 |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 20.88 ± 11.51 Placebo group: 24.24 ± 8.18 |
| 16. Wright et al. (2013) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Healthy male. Total n = 16. n = 16 (n = 8 in each group) completed the study | Dried purple carrot powder or placebo | 118.5 | 4 weeks |
Dried purple carrot group: 25.6 ± 6.5 Placebo group: 32.9 ± 15.4 |
Dried purple carrot group: 35.8 ± 15.5 Placebo group: 31.3 ± 19.9 |
| 17. Guo et al. (2014) | Randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (cross‐over) | Young adults with NAFLD. Total n = 44. But n = 44 in barberry group and n = 43 in placebo group completed the study | Bayberry juice or placebo | 417.5 | 10 weeks |
Bayberry group: 25.1 ± 20.37 Placebo group: 23.8 ± 14.29 |
Bayberry group: 24.1 ± 22.59 Placebo group: 22.2 ± 14.81 |
| 18. Stote et al. (2020) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Men with diabetes type 2. n = 55 (n = 27 in blue berry group and n = 28 in placebo group). But n = 26 in each group completed the study | Freeze‐dried blueberry or placebo | 261.8 | 8 weeks |
Blueberry group: 36.5 ± 2.7 Placebo group: 39.9 ± 3.8 |
Blueberry group: 35.6 ± 1.5 Placebo group: 48.3 ± 2.9 |
All values expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) except **for study number 3: Values presented as mean (95% CI).