TABLE 2.
The characteristics of the included studies regarding to the effect of anthocyanins on Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) levels
| Study | Study design | Study population | Type of intervention | Anthocyanins dose (mg/day) | Trial duration | AST levels (U/L) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End of trial | ||||||
| 1. Oki et al. (2016) | Randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Healthy Caucasians with borderline hepatitis. Total n = 40. But n = 37 (18 in PSP group and 19 in placebo group) completed the study | Anthocyanin‐rich purple‐ sweet potato extract (PSP) beverage or placebo | 531 | 8 weeks |
PSP group: 31.1 ± 14.1 Placebo group: 25.6 ± 5.0 |
PSP group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 2. Kianbakht et al. (2013) | Randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Patients with diabetes type 2 Total n = 86. But n = 74 (n = 37 in each group) completed the study |
Whortleberry fruit extract or placebo | 9.088 | 8 weeks |
Whortleberry group: 22 ± 6.6 Placebo group: 20.7 ± 5.7 |
Whortleberry group: 25.3 ± 7 Placebo group: 22.8 ± 6.2 |
| 3. Suda et al. (2008) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Healthy men with borderline hepatitis. Total n = 48. But n = 38 (n = 20 in PSP group and n = 18 in placebo group) completed the study | Purple sweet potato (PSP) extract beverage or placebo | 400.6 | 12 weeks |
PSP group: **35.5 (2.2) Placebo group: **32.5 (2.3) |
PSP group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 4. Qin et al. (2009) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Patients with dyslipidemia. Total n = 120. n = 60 in each group completed the study | Purified anthocyanins or placebo | 320 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: 20.3 ± 6.4 Placebo group: 20.4 ± 6.6 |
Anthocyanins group: 18.7 ± 3.8 Placebo group: 19.8 ± 6.6 |
| 5. Chang et al. (2014) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Subjects with a BMI higher than 27 and NAFLD. Total n = 40. But n = 36 (n = 19 in HSE group and n = 17 in placebo group) completed the study | Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts (HSE) or placebo | 67.5 | 12 weeks |
HSE group: 33.05 ± 17.82 Placebo group: 23.18 ± 9.34 |
HSE group: 31.11 ± 17.25 Placebo group: 19.53 ± 3.97 |
| 6. Kianbakht et al. (2014) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Patients with hyperlipidemia. Total n = 105. But n = 80 (n = 40 in each group) completed the study | Whortleberry fruit extract or placebo | 7.35 | 2 months |
Whortleberry group: 21.75 ± 6.40 Placebo group: 23.82 ± 7.51 |
Whortleberry group: 24.40 ± 7.56 Placebo group: 27.95 ± 13.68 |
| 7. Zhang et al. (2015) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Patients with NAFLD. Total n = 74. n = 37 in each group completed the study | Purified anthocyanins or placebo | 320 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: 28 ± 6.6 Placebo group: 26 ± 5.1 |
Anthocyanins group: 26.5 ± 9.6 Placebo group: 26 ± 9.6 |
| 8. Yang, Ling, Du, et al. (2017) and Yang, Ling, Yang, et al. (2017) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Patients with pre‐diabetes or early untreated diabetes. Total n = 160. n = 80 in each group completed the study | Purified anthocyanins or placebo | 320 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: 22.05 ± 5.68 Placebo group: 22.78 ± 5.36 |
Anthocyanins group: 23.20 ± 6.15 Placebo group: 22.71 ± 5.66 |
| 9. Soltani et al. (2014) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Hyperlipidemic patients. Total n = 54. But n = 50 (25 in each group) completed the study | Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit extract or placebo | 90 | 4 weeks |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 21.60 ± 7.77 Placebo group: 23.20 ± 7.48 |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 20.60 ± 7.94 Placebo group: 23.68 ± 8.48 |
| 10. Soltani et al. (2015) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Diabetic Patients. Total n = 60. n = 30 in each group completed the study | Cornus mas L. Fruit Extract or placebo | 600 | 6 weeks |
Cornus mas L. group: 22.76 ± 6.75 Placebo group: 22.16 ± 9.83 |
Cornus mas L. group: 23.36 ± 7.07 Placebo group: 23.76 ± 14.13 |
| 11. Kianbakht and Hashem‐Dabaghian (2019) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) |
Obese hypertensive outpatients Total n = 112. But n = 100 (n = 50 in each group) completed the study |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos extract or placebo | 2.595 ± 0.009 | 3 months |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 12. Hassellund et al. (2013) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (cross‐over) | Pre‐hypertensive men. Total n = 31. But n = 27 completed the study | Purified anthocyanin or placebo | 640 | 12 weeks |
Anthocyanins group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
Anthocyanin group: Not reported Placebo group: Not reported |
| 13. Mohtashami et al. (2019) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Hypertensive hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients. Total n = 103 (n = 51 in extract and n = 52 in placebo group). But n = 100 (n = 50 in each group) completed the study | Vaccinium arctostaphylos leaf extract or placebo | 0.77 | 2 months |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 25.2 ± 6.3 Placebo group: 21.2 ± 7.2 |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 23.2 ± 12.6 Placebo group: 24.3 ± 12.2 |
| 14. Asgary et al. (2016) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Hyperlipidemic patients. Total n = 46 (23 in each group). But n = 40 (n = 20 in each group) completed the study | Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit extract or placebo | 1.6 | 4 weeks |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 21.6 ± 7.7 Placebo group: 23.2 ± 7.48 |
Vaccinium arctostaphylos group: 20.6 ± 7.94 Placebo group: 23.68 ± 8.48 |
| 15. Wright et al. (2013) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Healthy male. Total n = 16. n = 16 (n = 8 in each group) completed the study | Dried purple carrot powder or placebo | 118.5 | 4 weeks |
Dried purple carrot group: 24.9 ± 6.1 Placebo group: 26.0 ± 9.0 |
Dried purple carrot group: 27.1 ± 10.7 Placebo group: 24.1 ± 11.6 |
| 16.Guo et al. (2014) | Randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (Cross‐over) | Young adults with NAFLD. Total n = 44. But n = 44 in barberry group and n = 43 in placebo group completed the study | Bayberry juice or placebo | 417.5 | 10 weeks |
Bayberry group: 19.8 ± 3.6 Placebo group: 21.0 ± 5.2 |
Bayberry group: 21.3 ± 4.1 Placebo group: 20.5 ± 4.1 |
| 17. Stote et al. (2020) | Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial (parallel) | Men with diabetes type 2. n = 55 (n = 27 in blue berry group and n = 28 in placebo group). But n = 26 in each group completed the study | Freeze‐dried blueberry or placebo | 261.8 | 8 weeks |
Blueberry group: 23.5 ± 1.9 Placebo group: 24.9 ± 2.9 |
Blueberry group: 23.2 ± 1.4 Placebo group: 30.5 ± 2.7 |
All values expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) except **for study number 3: Values presented as mean (95% CI).