TABLE 5.
Subgroup analysis to assess the effect of supplementation with anthocyanins on liver enzymes levels
| Liver enzymes | Number of trials | I 2 (%) | Q statistics (p) | WMD | 95% CI | p effect* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT (U/L) | ||||||
| Dose of anthocyanins | ||||||
| More than 160 mg/day | 7 | 92.872 | p ˂ .0001 | −3.358 | −7.986 to 1.269 | .155 |
| 160 mg/day or lower | 8 | 13.460 | 0.325 | 0.287 | −1.234 to 1.808 | .712 |
| Duration of study | ||||||
| More than 56 days | 8 | 60.651 | 0.013 | −0.455 | −2.629 to 1.719 | .682 |
| 56 days or lower | 7 | 89.933 | p ˂ .0001 | −1.279 | −5.884 to 3.327 | .586 |
| Health status | ||||||
| Liver disease | 2 | 69.456 | 0.070 | −1.728 | −13.358 to 9.901 | .771 |
| Other disease | 10 | 92.903 | p ˂ .0001 | −0.378 | −3.984 to 3.228 | .837 |
| Healthy | 3 | 62.834 | 0.068 | −2.869 | −7.701 to 1.963 | .245 |
| Type of studies in terms of assessing ALT | ||||||
| Studies evaluated ALT as primary outcome | 5 | 76.893 | 0.002 | −4.932 | −9.848 to −0.015 | .049 |
| Studies evaluated ALT as secondary outcomes | 10 | 0.372 | 0.434 | 0.297 | −0.769 to 1.363 | .585 |
| Type of intervention | ||||||
| Pure anthocyanins | 3 | 59.178 | 0.086 | −0.152 | −2.979 to 2.675 | .916 |
| Products rich in anthocyanins | 12 | 89.022 | p ˂ .0001 | −1.006 | −4.419 to 2.407 | .563 |
| AST (U/L) | ||||||
| Dose of anthocyanins | ||||||
| More than 160 mg/day | 6 | 92.150 | p ˂ .0001 | −2.723 | −5.880 to 0.435 | .091 |
| 160 mg/day or lower | 8 | 29.470 | 0.193 | −0.886 | −2.387 to 0.615 | .247 |
| Duration of study | ||||||
| More than 56 days | 7 | 84.771 | p ˂ .0001 | −1.769 | −3.959 to 0.422 | .114 |
| 56 days or lower | 7 | 74.347 | 0.001 | −1.578 | −4.371 to 1.216 | .268 |
| Health status | ||||||
| Liver disease | 2 | 0.000 | 0.332 | −0.608 | −3.510 to 2.295 | .681 |
| Other disease | 10 | 88.720 | p ˂ .0001 | −1.385 | −3.792 to 1.021 | .259 |
| Healthy | 2 | 74.602 | 0.047 | −4.325 | −8.516 to −0.134 | .043 |
| Type of studies in terms of assessing AST | ||||||
| Studies evaluated AST as primary outcome | 5 | 78.257 | 0.001 | −3.464 | −6.034 to −0.894 | .008 |
| Studies evaluated AST as secondary outcomes | 9 | 43.083 | 0.080 | −0.577 | −1.957 to 0.802 | .412 |
| Type of intervention | ||||||
| Pure anthocyanins | 3 | 52.073 | 0.124 | −0.121 | −1.893 to 1.651 | .894 |
| Products rich in anthocyanins | 11 | 79.058 | p ˂ .0001 | −2.201 | −4.275 to −0.127 | .037 |
| GGT (U/L) | ||||||
| Dose of anthocyanins | ||||||
| 500 mg/day or more | 2 | 55.526 | 0.134 | −2.383 | −7.733 to 2.967 | .383 |
| Lower than 500 mg/day | 2 | 84.646 | 0.011 | −4.003 | −37.842 to 29.835 | .817 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transferase; WMD, weighted mean difference.
*
p value ˂.05 considered as significant statistical level.