Figure 4.

(A) The 31 cytokines, chemokines, tumor necrosis factor family members (TNFs), and colony stimulation factors (CSFs) are differentially expressed (DE) in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) infected by MERS-CoV at different HPI (hours post infection). These secretory molecules were selected to be presented since their expressions were changed with the P value <0.05 and |logFC|>1 at more than one time point. (B) As coronavirus infection progress from 12 hours (h), 24h, 36h, and 48h post infection (PI), more trained immunity pathway enzymes show upregulation than the controls in time-course sensitive manner in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) infected by MERS-CoV. These trained immunity pathway enzymes were selected to be presented since their expressions were changed with the P value <0.05 and |logFC|>1 (see Supplementary Table 4 ); (C) As coronavirus infection progress from 24h and 36h post infection (PI), more out of 168 epigenetic reprogramming enzymes are upregulated than 12h and 48h PI in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) infected by MERS-CoV. These epigenetic enzymes were selected to be presented since their expressions were changed with the P value <0.05 and |logFC|>1. The color in front of each gene represents the enzyme category it belongs to (see Supplementary Table 5 ). (D) A new working model: Infection of vascular endothelial cells by SARS-CoV2/MERS-CoV causes endothelial cell trained immunity induces cytokine storm.