Table 1. Characteristics of Participants (N = 2,000) Included in Analyses Evaluating the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations of the Built Environment Around the Residence and Depression in a Rural Population, Bogalusa Heart Study, 1998–2013.
| Characteristic | Cross Sectional |
Longitudinal |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2,000 | P Valuea | N = 1,006b | P Valuea | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 38.27 (8.63) | .03 | 36.79 (4.96) | .05 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.79 (8.03) | .18 | 29.63 (8.20) | .89 |
| Follow-up duration, y, mean (SD) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.00 | 10.68 (3.17) | .90 |
| CES-D scorec at baseline, mean (SD) | 15.08 (10.27) | .93 | 13.24 (9.84) | .75 |
| Depressed at baseline, n (%) | 740 (37.00) | .77 | 321 (31.91) | .46 |
| Male, n (%) | 862 (43.10) | .15 | 410 (41.46) | .77 |
| Black, n (%) | 672 (33.60) | .22 | 303 (30.64) | .79 |
| ≥High school education, n (%) | 838 (41.90) | .002 | 548 (58.80) | .64 |
| Household income ≥$15,000, n (%) | 1,285 (64.25) | .87 | 718 (72.67) | .99 |
| Married, n (%) | 1,063 (53.15) | .19 | 611 (61.78) | .22 |
| Have health insurance, n (%) | 1,216 (60.80) | .08 | 635 (68.13) | .06 |
| Employed, n (%) | 1,596 (79.80) | .54 | 833 (84.23) | .26 |
| Home owner, n (%) | 1,445 (72.25) | <.001 | 779 (78.77) | .008 |
| In good health, n (%) | 1,288 (64.40) | .22 | 878 ( 89.32) | .76 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 590 (29.50) | .06 | 292 (29.03) | .91 |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 523 (26.15) | .06 | 300 (29.82) | .91 |
| Consumed alcohol in last year, n (%) | 1,206 (61.25) | .22 | 628 ( 63.50) | .18 |
| Any physical activity, n (%) | 1,436 (72.90) | .67 | 858 (86.75) | .79 |
| Walking (min/wk), mean (SD) | 83.29 (245.56) | .76 | 82.45 (250.18) | .27 |
| Physical activity (min/wk), mean (SD) | 175.77 (386.90) | .38 | 181.34 (375.15) | .07 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Centers for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression.
a
P values were assessed with analysis of variance for categorical variables and Pearson correlation coefficient for continuous variables and are for the association of participant characteristics with the (continuous) overall built environment score for the street segment of residence.
b
Longitudinal sample; includes only those study subjects with 2 or more observations.
c
CES-D score ≥16 indicates depression. CES-D scores can range from 0 to 60.