Table 2. Neighborhood Characteristics of Participants (N = 2,000) Included In Analyses Evaluating the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations of the Built Environment Around the Residence and Depression in a Rural Population, by Depression Status, Bogalusa Heart Study, 1998–2013.
| Variable | Cross Sectional |
Longitudinala
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressedb (n = 740) | Not Depressed (n = 1,260) | P Valuec | Depressedb (n = 568) | Not Depressed (n = 438) | P Valuec | |
| Street segment of built environmentd | ||||||
| All features, mean (SD) | 10.55 (4.32) | 10.49 (4.49) | .77 | 10.41 (4.17) | 10.34 (4.43) | .78 |
| Path, mean (SD) | 2.31 (2.35) | 2.20 (2.40) | .32 | 2.08 (2.22) | 2.11 (2.37) | .83 |
| Pedestrian safety features, mean (SD) | 3.21 (1.81) | 3.03 (1.81) | .03 | 3.02 (1.83) | 2.94 (1.89) | .51 |
| Aesthetics, mean (SD) | 2.99 (1.47) | 3.28 (1.60) | <.001 | 3.33 (1.55) | 3.30 (1.57) | .76 |
| Destinationse, mean (SD) | 0.61 (1.22) | 0.54 (1.14) | .20 | 2.92 (1.11) | 2.94 (1.11) | .90 |
| Physical security, mean (SD) | 3.41 (1.45) | 3.19 (1.32) | <.001 | 0.52 (1.10) | 0.51 (1.13) | .73 |
| Land use, mean (SD) | 1.61 (0.90) | 1.67 (0.95) | .17 | 1.67 (0.98) | 1.66 (0.90) | .85 |
| Contextual variables | ||||||
| Population density, mean (SD) | 556.75 (1,575.20) | 603.25 (1,189.66) | .46 | 536.30 (1,774.73) | 520.84 (839.53) | .86 |
| Percentage povertyf, mean (SD) | 30.06 (10.23) | 27.20 (11.22) | <.001 | 28.75 (10.58) | 28.41 (11.00) | .39 |
Abbreviation: CES-D, Centers for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression.
Longitudinal sample; includes only those study subjects with 2 or more observations.
CES-D score ≥16 indicates depression. CES-D scores can range from 0 to 60.
P values for comparison of depressed and not-depressed subjects are from t tests.
Built environment scores summarize features of street segments assessed with the Rural Active Living Assessment street segment audit tool, overall and within domains of features, with higher numeric scores indicating the presence of more features thought to promote physical activity. Scores have the following ranges: overall (2–29), path (0–9), pedestrian safety (0–10), aesthetics (0–6), destinations (0–11), physical security (0–6), and land use (0–5).
Includes commercial and civic facilities.
Neighborhood poverty was defined as the percentage of residents in a census tract living below the federal poverty level.