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. 2021 Jul 8;18:E67. doi: 10.5888/pcd18.200605

Table 4. Association Between Neighborhood Built Environment Scores and Change in CES-Da, Participants (N = 1,006)a, Bogalusa Heart Study, 1998–2013.

Built Environment Scorec CES-D Slope Differenceb for 1-Point Increase in Built Environment Score
Buffer Around Residence Unit
0.00 mi
 0.25 mi
 0.50 mi
 1.00 mi
 1.50 mi
β (SE) P Value β (SE) P Value β (SE) P Value β (SE) P Value β (SE) P Value
Overall 0.02 (0.05) .67 0.00 (0.06) .98 −0.03 (0.07) .69 −0.11 (0.08) .16 −0.17 (0.08) .04
Path −0.07 (0.09) .40 −0.09 (0.11) .41 −0.09 (0.12) .46 −0.22 (0.14) .13 −0.40 (0.16) .01
Pedestrian safety −0.06 (0.11) .60 −0.20 (0.14) .16 −0.35 (0.16) .03 −0.52 (0.17) <.01 −0.57 (0.19) <.01
Aesthetics 0.26 (0.13) .04 0.51 (0.16) <.01 0.67 (0.19) <.01 0.71 (0.23) <.01 0.76 (0.26) <.01
Destinationsd 0.08 (0.16) .64 0.17 (0.24) .49 0.05 (0.27) .86 −0.10 (0.33) .76 −0.36 (0.41) .38
Physical security 0.44 (0.14) <.01 0.22 (0.53) .69 0.57 (0.62) .36 0.46 (0.74) .54 0.54 (0.84) .52
Land use 0.27 (0.22) .21 0.47 (0.27) .08 0.55 (0.30) .07 0.69 (0.34) .04 0.71 (0.38) .06

Abbreviation: CES-D, Centers for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression.

a

Longitudinal sample; includes only those study subjects with 2 or more observations.

b

CES-D slope was expressed as the rate of change in depressive symptom severity per 10 years of follow-up (depressive symptom severity was assessed as a continuous CES-D score that can range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms).

c

Built environment scores summarize features of street segments assessed with the Rural Active Living Assessment street segment audit tool, overall and within domains of features, with higher numeric scores indicating the presence of more features thought to promote physical activity. Associations represent the difference in the rate of change of depressive symptom severity over 10 years for a 1-point increase in the specified built environment score. Scores have the following ranges: overall (2–29), path (0–9), pedestrian safety (0–10), aesthetics (0–6), destinations (0–11), physical security (0–6), and land use (0­5).

d

Includes commercial and civic facilities.