Table 3.
Prevalencea and characteristics of virus shedding in human semen
| Virus | Acute stage of infection (%) | Chronic stage of infection (%) | Shedding pattern (%, continuous)b | Sexual transmission reported (Y/N) | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EBOV | 73–100 | 100 | Y | 158,159,160 | |
| HBV | NA | 68 | NA | Y | 148,149,150 |
| HCV | 29–39 | 32–46 | 0–28 | Y | 151,152,153,154,155 |
| HIV-1 | 61–100 | 81–100 | Chronic: 56–61 | Y | 60,61,62,63,64,65,66 |
| HPV | 11.4 | NA | Y | 114 | |
| HSV | NA | 0–10 | 50 | Y | 60,61,62,63,64,65,66 |
| Influenza virus | NA | NA | NA | N | 168 |
| MuV | NA | NA | NA | N | 33 |
| SARS-CoV | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| SARS-CoV-2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| ZIKV | 50–68 | 100 | N | 86,87,88,89,90 |
aPrevalence of virus shedding in semen is calculated using the infected individuals and not the general population, bcontinuous shedding pattern in semen is estimated by longitudinal shedding rates determined by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis as reported by Gianella et al.125 EBOV: Ebola virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus type 1; HPV: human papillomavirus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; MuV: mumps virus; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated-coronavirus; SARSCoV- 2: severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated-coronavirus type 2; ZIKV: Zika virus; NA: not available; Y: yes; N: no