Table 1.

Studies concerning testosterone relation to prognosis in chronic heart failure

Study	Patients	Findings
Jankowska et al.57	208 men (LVEF <45%) compared to 366 healthy men	A low T level in all NYHA classes is a marker of poor prognosis
Güder et al.62	191 men; 96 with LVEF ≤40% and 95 with LVEF >40%	FT, but not TT, levels are inversely associated with NYHA class; lower FT and DHEAS levels and higher SHBG levels predict all-cause mortality risk, but this relationship is confounded by indicators of a poor health state
Wu et al.58	175 older men with LVEF ≤45%	TT and eFT levels are decreased and related to disease severity but are not independent predictors of mortality
Santos et al.59	110 hospitalized men with LVEF < 45% and NYHA class IV	A low T level is an independent risk factor for hospital readmission within 90 days and increased mortality
Han et al.60	167 men	A low T level is associated with increased readmission rate and mortality
Yoshihisa et al.61	618 men discharged with decompensated HF	A low T level is associated with myocardial damage and lower exercise capacity; the TT level is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality

DHEAS: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; eFT: estimated free testosterone; FT: free testosterone; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SHBG: sex hormone-binding globulin; T: testosterone; TT: total testosterone