Table 2.

Vitamin E in Tissue Engineering.

Polymer Class	Polymer Name	Molecule	Structure	Method Loading	Biological Response	Role of Vitamin E	Applications	Ref.
Polyesters	PLA-Mg	α-toc	Filaments	Addition of Vitamin E in a PLA-Mg solution before the extrusion process and following 3D printing of the implant	Not reported	It enhances adhesion between Mg particles and PLA	Implant devices	[51]
	PLA	α-toc	Polymeric film	Addition of Vitamin E into the PLA/ chlorophorm solution. Shaking of the solution with following addition of it in glass dishes. Evaporation of the solvent in dark conditions at room temperature.	The film has good protein adsorption; inhibits osteoblasts, bacterial, and platelets adhesion and spreading.	Protein adsorption Antioxidant	Tissue engineering	[48,49,50]
	PLA-CL	α-toc, Silk Fibroin (SF), Curcumin (C)	Nanofiber scaffold	Preparation of a solution with PLACL, SF, C, and α-Toc in HFIP. Electrospinning of the prepared solution.	The scaffold induces fibroblasts proliferation and attachment, and stimulates collagen secretion.	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, wound-healing capacity	Wound treatment	[41]
	PLA and PCL	α-toc acetate	Bilayer nanofiber scaffold	Preparation of a solution with PCL, PLA, and Vitamin E in DCM. Electrospinning of the prepared solution.	The scaffold induces angiogenesis and cell proliferation	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, wound-healing capacity	Wound treatment	[42]
	P(3HB)/Bioglass	Vitamin E	Foam scaffold	Incorporation of the appropriate amounts of vitamin E and MWCNTs into the polymer solution. Sonication of the mixture before impregnating it into the preforms.	The scaffold has good biocompatibility, good protein adsorption; stimulates cell proliferation and allows vascularization.	Protein adsorption Antioxidant	Bone tissue engineering	[47]