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. 2021 Jun 25;12:695223. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695223

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Dai, Pang, Cheng, Huang, Li, Yan, Lu, Wei, Sederoff and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Monolignol biosynthetic pathway in poplar. Bold arrows indicate the main metabolic flux. Eleven enzyme families are PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; C3H, p-coumaroyl-CoA 3-hydroxylase; 4CL, p-coumarate CoA ligase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; CSE, caffeoyl shikimate esterase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CAld5H, coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase; COMT, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. The metabolites are shown in numbers. 1: phenylalanine; 2: cinnamic acid; 3: 4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 4: caffeic acid; 5: ferulic acid; 6: 5-hydroxyferulic acid; 7: sinapic acid; 8: p-coumaroyl-CoA; 9: p-coumaroyl shikimic acid; 10: caffeoyl shikimic acid; 11: caffeoyl-CoA; 12: feruloyl-CoA; 13: 5-dydroxyferuloyl-CoA; 14: sinapoyl-CoA; 15: p-coumaraldehyde; 16: caffeyl aldehyde; 17: coniferaldehyde; 18: 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde; 19: sinapaldehyde; 20: p-coumaryl alcohol (H monolignol); 21: caffeyl alcohol; 22: coniferyl alcohol (G monolignol); 23:5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol; 24: sinapyl alcohol (S monolignol).