Table 6.
Literature review of articles showing positive systemic nonvascular risk factors in pseudoexfoliation
| First author (year of publication) | Country | Sample size | Type of study | Risk factor | P value or OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim 2016 | South Korea | 13,223 | Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | Increasing age | 1.04 (0.99-1.09) P=0.016 |
| Krishnadas 2003 | Southern India | 5150 | Population-based cross-sectional study | Increasing age | <0.001 |
| Rotchford 2003 | South Africa | 1840 with 7.7% XFS | Cluster-based random cross-sectional sampling | Increasing age | <0.001 |
| Jonas 2013 | Central India | 4711 with 69 XFS | Population-based, cross-sectional study | Increasing age | 1.11 (1.09-1.13) P<0.001 |
| Arnarsson (2010) | Reykjavik, Iceland | 1045 | Reykjavik eye study population-based study | Increasing age | 0.001 |
| Pavičić-Astaloš (2016) | Zagreb, Croatia | 5349 with 188 XFS | Clinic-based cross sectional study | Increasing age | <0.001 |
| Bikbov (2020) | Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia | 5899 | Population-based cross-sectional study | Increasing age | 1.09 (1.07-1.11) P<0.001 |
| You (2013) | Beijing, China | 3468 (Beijing Eye Study) | Population-based cross-sectional cohort study | Increasing age | 1.08 (1.04-1.10) P<0.001 |
| Hepsen (2007) | Ankara, Turkey | 72 XFS and 65 control with cataract | Clinic-based cross-sectional study | Increasing age | <0.001 |
| Berhanu (2020) | Baso and Worena District, Central Ethiopia | 682 | Population-based cross-sectional study | Increasing Age | 0.038 |
| Hiller 1982 | Massachusetts, USA | 2675 | Population-based survey (Framingham Eye Study) | Female gender predominance | 2.3:1 female: male (significant) |
| Ekström 2019 | Tierp, Sweden | 1065 with 78 XFS | Population survey | Female gender predominance | 1.59 (1.16-2.18) |
| Topouzis 2019 | Thessaloniki, Northern Greece | 1468 with 19.6% XFS | Longitudinal, population-based study | Female gender predominance | 0.02 |
| Arnarsson (2007) | Reykjavik, Iceland | 1045 with 108 XFS | Reykjavik Eye Study population based study | Female gender predominance | <0.001 |
| Krishnadas 2003 | Southern India | 5150 | Population-based cross-sectional study | Male gender predominance | 0.01 |
| Yalaz (1992) | Adana, Turkey | 1356 | Clinic-based cross-sectional study | Male gender predominance | <0.001 |
| Jonas 2013 | Central India | 4711 with 69 XFS | Population-based, cross-sectional study | Lower body mass index | 0.88 (0.82-0.95) P=0.001 |
| Arnarsson (2010) | Reykjavik, Iceland | 1045 | Reykjavik Eye Study population based study | Fruit intake | 0.20 (0.04-0.91) P=0.04 |
| Pasquale 2012 | USA | 78,977 women from nurses’ health study and 41,202 men from health professionals follow-up study with 360 XFS | Longitudinal population-based study | Caffeine intake | ≥3 cuPs coffee daily increased risk of XFS glaucoma 1.66 (1.09-2.54) P=0.02 |
| Kang 2014 | USA | 78,977 women from nurses’ health study and 41,202 men from health professionals follow-up study with 360 XFS | Longitudinal population-based study | Folate intake | XFS glaucoma associated with highest quintile (Q5; ≥ 654 µg/day) 0.75 (0.54-1.04) P=0.02 |
| Tijani 2017 | Rabat, Morocco | 260 scheduled for cataract surgery | Retrospective clinic-based | Smoking | 5.2 (1.35-20.15) P=0.01 |
| Pasquale 2014 | USA and Israel | 118 XFS and 106 controls; Israel 67 XFS and 72 controls | Clinic-based, case-control studies | Higher latitude | Each degree of latitude away from equator associated with 11% increased odds of XFS 1.11 (1.05-1.17); P<0.001 |
| Pasquale 2014 | USA and Israel | United States: 118 XFS and 106 controls; Israel: 67 XFS and 72 controls | Clinic-based, case-control studies | Solar exposure | Every hour weekly sPent outdoors during summer, over lifetime 1.04 (1.00-1.07) P=0.03 |
| Arakaki 2020 | Kumejima, Okinawa, Japan | 3762 | Population-based survey ≥40 years | Working outdoor | 2.18 (0.99-4.82) P=0.04 |
| Wirostko 2016 | Utah, USA | 132,772 women in Utah Medicare | Cross-sectional analysis | Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 1.56 (1.42-1.72) |
| Besch 2018 | Utah, USA | Hospital charts compared with population controls | Chart review University of Utah Healthcare medical records | Indirect Inguinal Hernia | 2.3 (1.4-3.5) (P=0.03) |
| Sorkhabi (2012) | Tabriz, Iran | 30 XFS and 30 controls | Clinic-based prospective comparative study | Markers of inflammation and peripheral endothelial dysfunction | 0.002 |
| Dursun (2015) | Sivas, Turkey | 26 XFS, 26 XFS with glaucoma, 26 controls with cataract | Clinic-based prospective comparative study | Increased oxidative stress | <0.05 |
| Yazdani (2008) | Tehran, Iran (Caucasian race) | 83 subjects with XFS and 83 controls | Prospective clinic-based case-control study | Sensorineural hearing loss | 6.69 (3.49-11.79) P<0.001 |
| Papadopoulos (2012) | Patras, Greece (Caucasian race) | 94 XFS and 44 controls | Prospective clinic-based case-control | Sensorineural hearing loss | 0.007 |
| Sarenac-Vulovic (2014) | Kragujevac, Serbia | 20 XFS, 20 XFS with glaucoma, 20 controls | Clinic-based cross-sectional study | Sensorineural hearing loss | 6.5 (P=0.03) |
| Singham (2014) | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 68 XFS and 55 controls | Prospective clinic-based case-control study | Sensorineural hearing loss | 3.00 (1.25-7.19) P=0.01 |
| Cumurcu (2013) | Turgut, Turkey (Caucasian race) | 67 XFS and 67 controls | Clinic-based cross-sectional study | Alzheimer neurodegenerative impediment | P<0.001 |
| Linnér (2001) | Goteborg, Sweden | 11 of 39 Alzheimer had XFS (clinic) versus 23 of 476 (population survey) had XFS | Clinic-based versus population survey | Alzheimer neurodegenerative impairment | 5.84 (2.87-11.98) |
| Turgut Coba (2018) | Antalya, Turkey | 31 XFS and 31 controls | Case-control study | Peripheral Neurosensory impairment | <0.05 |
| Arnarsson (2010) | Reykjavik, Iceland | 1045 | Reykjavik Eye Study population-based study | Asthma | 1.91 (1.00-3.62) |
| Batur (2018) | Van, Turkey | 60 XFS and 52 controls | Clinic-based comparative study | Decreased pulmonary function tests | 0.036 |
| Yaşar (2019) | Eskişehir, Turkey | 2009 with 100 XFS | Population-based, cross-sectional study | Depressive disorder | 0.024 |
| Cumurcu (2006) | Tokat, Turkey | 41 XFS glaucoma, 32 POAG and 40 controls | Clinic-based comparative study | Depressive disorder | 007 |
| Scharfenberg (2019) | Leipzig, Germany (Caucasian) | Patients with ophthalmological operations | Hospital-based retrospective case-control study | Benign prostatic hypertrophy | 2.3 (1.4-3.7) |
| Gökce (2015) | Ankara, Turkey | 34 XFS and 58 controls | Clinic-based comparative study | Erectile dysfunction | 0.002 |
XFS: Pseudoexfoliation, CI: Confidence interval, OR: Odds ratio, POAG: Primary open-angle glaucoma