. 2021 Jul 9;16(7):e0253582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253582

Table 1. Characteristics of participants in the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS), by carbohydrate quality ratio.

Characteristics	Total	Simple Ratio^a		Modified Ratio^b		Dual Ratio^c
	n	n	%	n	%	n	%
	Adults
Age (y)
19–30	2160	783	36.3	482	22.3	613	28.4
31–50	3490	1682	48.2	1099	31.5	1351	38.7
51–70	2680	1582	59.0	1067	39.8	1318	49.2
71+	1010	645	63.8	404	40.0	505	50.0
Sex
Male	4613	2059	44.7	1329	28.8	1624	35.2
Female	4728	2633	55.7	1723	36.5	2163	45.8
Socioeconomic status, IER quintile
1	1688	809	47.9	530	31.4	644	38.1
2	1878	891	47.5	605	32.3	729	38.9
3	1925	945	49.1	608	31.6	766	39.8
4	1774	926	52.2	578	32.6	738	41.6
5	2077	1121	54.0	731	35.2	910	43.8
BMI (kg/m²)^d
Underweight (< 18.5)	144	51	35.3	30	20.7	35	24.1
Normal (18.5–24.9)	2833	1393	49.2	898	31.7	1113	39.3
Overweight (25.0–29.9)	2912	1497	51.4	942	32.4	1198	41.2
Obese (≥30.0)	2102	1012	48.1	669	31.8	831	39.5
Health conditions
High cholesterol	916	525	57.3	350	38.2	430	46.9
Hypertensive disease	1454	849	58.4	563	38.7	687	47.2
Diabetes mellitus	591	379	64.1	289	48.9	322	54.5
	Children
Age (y)
2–3	331	125	37.6	87	26.4	96	29.0
4–8	809	266	32.9	169	20.9	198	24.5
9–13	900	235	26.1	163	18.1	186	20.7
14–18	773	178	23.0	103	13.4	130	16.8
Sex
Male	1435	401	27.9	255	17.8	296	20.6
Female	1377	403	29.2	267	19.4	315	22.8
Socioeconomic status, IER^d quintile
1	489	112	23.0	77	15.8	85	17.4
2	528	151	28.6	94	17.8	115	21.9
3	594	165	27.8	116	19.5	131	22.1
4	520	155	29.9	98	18.9	113	21.6
5	681	220	32.3	137	20.1	166	24.3
BMI z-score^d
Normal (< 85%)	1591	454	28.6	297	18.7	347	21.8
At risk for overweight (85%-94.9%)	298	84	28.1	59	19.9	66	22.3
Overweight (≥ 95%)	436	131	30.1	87	20.1	106	24.2
Health conditions
High cholesterol	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hypertensive disease	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Diabetes mellitus	6	1	0.1	1	0.2	1	0.2

^a Simple ratio (10:1), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates.

^b Modified ratio (10:1:2), At least 1g of fibre and no more than 2g of free sugars per 10g of carbohydrates.

^c Dual ratio (10:1 & 1:2), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates and no more than 2g of free sugars per 1g of fibre.

^d Body mass index (BMI).

^e The Index of Economic Resources (IER) is a measure of wealth. A low score indicates a relative lack of access to economic resources in general. A high score indicates relatively greater access to economic resources in general.