Table 3. Energy-standardised (per 1000kJ) daily macro- and micronutrient intakes for adults in the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) who achieved or did not achieve each carbohydrate quality ratioa.
| Nutrient | Simple Ratiob | Modified Ratioc | Dual Ratiod | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Pe | Yes | No | Pe | Yes | No | Pe | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1797.56 (11.38) | 2248.98 (11.74) | * | 1847.64 (13.96) | 2182.98 (11.42) | * | 1864.70 (12.48) | 2215.68 (12.36) | * |
| Per 1000 kcal | |||||||||
| Protein (g) | 47.37 (0.33) | 40.91 (0.30) | * | 48.70 (0.42) | 42.14 (0.26) | * | 48.26 (0.37) | 41.52 (0.28) | * |
| Total fat (g) | 36.32 (0.3) | 35.13 (0.28) | * | 35.71 (0.36) | 35.73 (0.25) | NS | 36.46 (0.33) | 35.20 (0.26) | * |
| Saturated fat (g) | 12.63 (0.12) | 13.78 (0.12) | * | 11.90 (0.14) | 13.74 (0.11) | * | 12.33 (0.12) | 13.99 (0.11) | * |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 13.93 (0.08) | 12.77 (0.06) | * | 13.81 (0.09) | 13.10 (0.06) | * | 14.01 (0.09) | 12.90 (0.06) | * |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 5.95 (0.04) | 4.93 (0.04) | * | 6.03 (0.05) | 5.16 (0.03) | * | 6.09 (0.05) | 5.00 (0.00) | * |
| Total carbohydrates (g) | 101.58 (0.68) | 115.16 (0.76) | * | 101.19 (0.89) | 112.23 (0.65) | * | 100.80 (0.78) | 113.72 (0.69) | * |
| Total sugars (g) | 44.21(0.36) | 54.25 (0.50) | * | 38.42 (0.40) | 54.05 (0.41) | * | 40.75 (0.37) | 54.60 (0.44) | * |
| Added sugar (g) | 14.21 (0.20) | 32.90 (0.40) | * | 8.66 (0.14) | 30.69 (0.33) | * | 10.72 (0.15) | 32.04 (0.35) | * |
| Free sugar (g) | 17.89 (0.23) | 46.46 (0.42) | * | 10.82 (0.15) | 34.81 (0.34) | * | 13.40 (0.17) | 36.10 (0.37) | * |
| Starch (g) | 55.83 (0.32) | 59.62 (0.37) | * | 60.62 (0.41) | 56.32 (0.31) | * | 58.27 (0.37) | 57.63 (0.33) | NS |
| Fiber (g) | 14.74 (0.10) | 8.00 (0.06) | * | 15.15 (0.14) | 9.62 (0.06) | * | 15.01 (0.12) | 8.57 (0.06) | * |
| Thiamine (mg) | 0.84 (0.01) | 0.67 (0.01) | * | 0.87 (0.01) | 0.69 (0.01) | * | 0.86 (0.01) | 0.68 (0.01) | * |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.95 (0.01) | 0.84 (0.01) | * | 0.97 (0.01) | 0.87 (0.01) | * | 0.97 (0.01) | 0.86 (0.01) | * |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 21.58 (0.15) | 18.67 (0.14) | * | 22.19 (0.19) | 19.24 (0.12) | * | 21.45 (0.17) | 18.95 (0.13) | * |
| Vitamin B6 (μg) | 0.79 (0.01) | 0.67 (0.01) | * | 0.81 (0.01) | 0.69 (0.01) | * | 0.80 (0.01) | 0.68 (0.01) | * |
| Folate equivalents (μg) | 326.84 (2.63) | 266.34 (2.37) | * | 338.74 (3.41) | 275.77 (2.05) | * | 335.12 (3.00) | 270.76 (2.17) | * |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 2.26 (0.03) | 2.13 (0.03) | NS | 2.33 (0.04) | 2.15 (0.03) | * | 2.31 (0.04) | 2.12 (0.03) | * |
| Vitamin E (μg) | 6.00 (0.06) | 4.27 (0.04) | * | 6.17 (0.08) | 4.63 (0.04) | * | 6.17 (0.07) | 4.42 (0.04) | * |
| Iron (mg) | 6.26 (0.05) | 4.58 (0.04) | * | 6.44 (0.06) | 4.90 (0.03) | * | 6.43 (0.05) | 4.74 (0.03) | * |
| Magnesium (mg) | 191.05 (1.23) | 139.62 (0.98) | * | 196.43 (1.61) | 149.79 (0.86) | * | 195.71 (1.41) | 144.86 (0.89) | * |
| Potassium (mg) | 1644.21 (10.17) | 1200.98 (8.22) | * | 1663.96 (13.20) | 1298.67 (7.42) | * | 1669.71 (11.67) | 1253.16 (7.69) | * |
| Sodium (mg) | 1159.47 (9.72) | 1183.64 (9.87) | NS | 1172.08 (12.18) | 1173.16 (8.49) | NS | 1171.05 (10.91) | 1173.29 (9.02) | NS |
| Zinc (mg) | 5.95 (0.05) | 4.76 (0.04) | * | 6.11 (0.06) | 4.95 (0.04) | * | 6.06 (0.06) | 4.87 (0.04) | * |
a All values are means; standard error in parentheses.
b Simple ratio (10:1), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates.
c Modified ratio (10:1:2), At least 1g of fibre and no more than 2g of free sugars per 10g of carbohydrates.
d Dual ratio (10:1 & 1:2), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates and no more than 2g of free sugars per 1g of fibre.
e P-values were derived by independent samples t-tests; statistical significance is denoted by * (p<0.001); comparisons are between individuals who achieved and didn’t achieve each ratio.