Table 4. Energy-standardised (per 1000kJ) daily macro- and micronutrient intakes for children in the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) who achieved or did not achieve each carbohydrate quality ratioa.
| Nutrient | Simple Ratiob | Modified Ratioc | Dual Ratiod | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Pe | Yes | No | Pe | Yes | No | Pe | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1731.63 (25.05) | 1983.53 (17.61) | * | 1683.67 (29.97) | 1963.05 (16.44) | * | 1677.73 (27.13) | 1976.32 (16.85) | * |
| Per 1000 kcal | |||||||||
| Protein (g) | 43.56 (0.42) | 38.45 (0.25) | * | 44.79 (0.54) | 38.81 (0.25) | * | 44.64 (0.50) | 38.61 (0.25) | * |
| Total fat (g) | 34.56 (0.29) | 35.41 (0.17) | NS | 34.35 (0.38) | 35.36 (0.17) | NS | 34.45 (0.33) | 35.36 (0.17) | NS |
| Saturated fat (g) | 13.83 (0.17) | 15.07 (0.13) | * | 13.58 (0.21) | 14.98 (0.08) | * | 13.59 (0.21) | 15.03 (0.08) | * |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 12.70 (0.14) | 12.93 (0.09) | NS | 12.67 (0.18) | 12.91 (0.08) | NS | 12.72 (0.16) | 12.90 (0.08) | NS |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 4.95 (0.07) | 4.58 (0.05) | * | 5.02 (0.09) | 4.61 (0.04) | * | 5.07 (0.08) | 4.58 (0.04) | * |
| Total carbohydrates (g) | 121.27 (0.75) | 128.31 (0.46) | * | 120.16 (0.92) | 127.72 (0.42) | * | 120.09 (0.88) | 128.01 (0.46) | * |
| Total sugars (g) | 53.55 (0.67) | 61.93 (0.46) | * | 48.26 (0.75) | 62.12 (0.42) | * | 49.40 (0.71) | 62.34 (0.46) | * |
| Added sugar (g) | 16.61 (0.42) | 34.57 (0.46) | * | 11.22 (0.29) | 33.60 (0.42) | * | 12.53 (0.33) | 34.12 (0.42) | * |
| Free Sugars (g) | 20.90 (0.46) | 39.10 (0.46) | * | 13.65 (0.29) | 38.53 (0.42) | * | 15.60 (0.33) | 38.97 (0.42) | * |
| Starch (g) | 66.33 (0.64) | 65.36 (0.44) | NS | 70.34 (0.81) | 64.58 (0.40) | * | 69.18 (0.75) | 64.65 (0.41) | * |
| Fiber (g) | 15.25 (0.13) | 8.91 (0.04) | * | 15.57 (0.17) | 9.62 (0.08) | * | 15.65 (0.17) | 9.36 (0.08) | * |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.11 (0.04) | 0.83 (0.00) | * | 1.17 (0.04) | 0.85 (0.00) | * | 1.14 (0.04) | 0.84 (0.00) | * |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.14 (0.04) | 0.98 (0.00) | * | 1.18 (0.04) | 0.99 (0.00) | * | 1.15 (0.04) | 0.99 (0.00) | * |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 20.12 (0.25) | 17.27 (0.13) | * | 20.91 (0.33) | 17.45 (0.13) | * | 20.77 (0.21) | 17.34 (0.08) | * |
| Vitamin B6 (μg) | 0.72 (0.00) | 0.56 (0.00) | * | 0.72 (0.00) | 0.58 (0.00) | * | 0.73 (0.00) | 0.57 (0.00) | * |
| Folate equivalents (μg) | 401.15 (6.82) | 325.54 (3.93) | * | 413.36 (8.70) | 332.13 (3.68) | * | 411.43 (7.91) | 329.34 (3.77) | * |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 2.13 (0.04) | 2.03 (0.04) | NS | 2.20 (0.04) | 2.03 (0.04) | * | 2.14 (0.04) | 2.03 (0.04) | NS |
| Vitamin E (μg) | 5.27 (0.13) | 4.11 (0.04) | * | 5.46 (0.17) | 4.21 (0.04) | * | 5.41 (0.17) | 4.17 (0.04) | * |
| Iron (mg) | 6.21 (0.08) | 4.79 (0.04) | * | 6.31 (0.08) | 4.94 (0.04) | * | 6.24 (0.08) | 4.90 (0.04) | * |
| Magnesium (mg) | 165.71 (1.34) | 126.55 (0.63) | * | 168.40 (1.72) | 130.78 (0.67) | * | 169.10 (1.55) | 129.05 (0.63) | * |
| Potassium (mg) | 1522.81 (14.90) | 1205.89 (7.99) | * | 1526.26 (19.04) | 1244.34 (7.87) | * | 1530.90 (17.61) | 1231.50 (7.87) | * |
| Sodium (mg) | 1281.90 (16.15) | 1202.32 (10.25) | * | 1273.77 (19.46) | 1214.23 (9.67) | NS | 1278.50 (18.28) | 1210.25 (9.83) | * |
| Zinc (mg) | 5.49 (0.08) | 4.58 (0.04) | * | 5.63 (0.08) | 4.67 (0.04) | * | 5.55 (0.08) | 4.65 (0.04) | * |
a All values are means; standard error in parentheses.
b Simple ratio (10:1), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates.
c Modified ratio (10:1:2), At least 1g of fibre and no more than 2g of free sugars per 10g of carbohydrates.
d Dual ratio (10:1 & 1:2), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates and no more than 2g of free sugars per 1g of fibre.
e P-values were derived by independent samples t-tests; statistical significance is denoted by * (p<0.001); comparisons are between individuals who achieved and didn’t achieve each ratio.