Table 5. Dietary modelling of the impact of substituting carbohydrate foods that meet each carbohydrate quality ratio in place of foods that do not, on nutrient intakes for adults and children.
| Nutrient | Unadjusteda | Simple Ratiob | Modified Ratioc | Dual Ratiod | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Pe | Mean (SE) | Pe | Mean (SE) | Pe | |
| Adults | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2073 (9.0) | 2142 (10.0) | * | 2114 (10.0) | * | 2116 (10.0) | * |
| Protein (g) | 91.0 (0.5) | 94.9 (0.5) | * | 94.9 (0.5) | * | 92.0 (0.5) | * |
| Total fat (g) | 73.8 (0.4) | 80.2 (0.5) | * | 78.7 (0.5) | * | 78.3 (0.5) | * |
| Saturated fat (g) | 27.7 (0.2) | 28.9 (0.2) | * | 27.7 (0.2) | NS | 27.3 (0.2) | * |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 28.4 (0.2) | 29.8 (0.2) | * | 29.8 (0.2) | * | 29.6 (0.2) | * |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 11.4 (0.1) | 14.0 (0.1) | * | 13.8 (0.1) | * | 14.0 (0.1) | * |
| Total carbohydrates (g) | 226 (1.0) | 219 (1.0) | * | 216 (1.0) | * | 217 (1.0) | * |
| Total sugars (g) | 103 (1.0) | 103 (1.0) | NS | 99 (1.0) | * | 99 (1.0) | * |
| Added sugar (g) | 50.6 (0.5) | 47.9 (0.5) | * | 43.5 (0.5) | * | 43.7 (0.5) | * |
| Free sugar (g) | 57.8 (0.6) | 55.1 (0.6) | * | 50.7 (0.5) | * | 50.9 (0.5) | * |
| Starch (g) | 118 (1.0) | 111 (1.0) | * | 112 (1.0) | * | 113 (1.0) | * |
| Fiber (g) | 22.9 (0.1) | 35.3 (0.3) | * | 34.4 (0.3) | * | 34.8 (0.3) | * |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.5 (0.0) | 2.6 (0.0) | * | 2.6 (0.0) | * | 2.6 (0.0) | * |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.9 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.0) | * | 2.1 (0.0) | * | 2.1 (0.0) | * |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 41.4 (0.2) | 55.9 (0.6) | * | 56.4 (0.6) | * | 56.3 (0.6) | * |
| Vitamin B6 (μg) | 1.5 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.0) | * | 2.4 (0.0) | * | 2.5 (0.0) | * |
| Folate equivalents (μg) | 610 (4.0) | 600 (4.0) | * | 603 (4.0) | * | 608 (4.0) | NS |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 4.5 (0.0) | 4.5 (0.0) | * | 4.5 (0.0) | * | 4.5 (0.0) | * |
| Vitamin E (μg) | 10.5 (0.1) | 11.0 (0.1) | * | 10.5 (0.1) | NS | 10.6 (0.1) | * |
| Iron (mg) | 11.1 (0.1) | 13.4 (0.1) | * | 13.4 (0.1) | * | 13.3 (0.1) | * |
| Magnesium (mg) | 339 (2.0) | 594 (8.0) | * | 591 (8.0) | * | 594 (8.0) | * |
| Potassium (mg) | 2912 (14.0) | 3426 (21.0) | * | 3409 (21.0) | * | 3422 (21.0) | * |
| Sodium (mg) | 2431 (15.0) | 2371 15.0) | * | 2370 (15.0) | * | 2383 (15.0) | * |
| Zinc (mg) | 11.0 (0.1) | 12.8 (0.1) | * | 12.7 (0.1) | * | 12.8 (0.1) | * |
| Children | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1912 (15.0) | 1965 (15.0) | * | 1919 (15.0) | NS | 1923 (15.0) | NS |
| Protein (g) | 75.0 (0.7) | 78.4 (0.7) | * | 77.6 (0.7) | * | 79.2 (0.7) | * |
| Total fat (g) | 69.1 (0.7) | 73.4 (0.7) | * | 72.0 (0.7) | * | 70.4 (0.7) | * |
| Saturated fat (g) | 29.1 (0.3) | 29.7 (0.3) | * | 28.7 (0.3) | NS | 27.4 (0.3) | * |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 25.3 (0.3) | 25.8 (0.3) | * | 25.8 (0.3) | * | 25.3 (0.3) | * |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 9.1 (0.1) | 11.5 (0.2) | * | 11.0 (0.2) | * | 11.3 (0.2) | * |
| Total carbohydrates (g) | 239 (2.0) | 233 (2.0) | * | 226 (2.0) | * | 229 (2.0) | * |
| Total sugars (g) | 112 (1.0) | 112 (1.0) | * | 105 (1.0) | * | 106 (1.0) | * |
| Added sugar (g) | 58.0 (0.9) | 53.9 (0.9) | * | 47.6 (0.8) | * | 47.8 (0.8) | * |
| Free sugars (g) | 66.1 (0.9) | 62.0 (0.9) | * | 55.7 (0.9) | * | 56.0 (0.9) | * |
| Starch (g) | 124 (1.0) | 120 (1.0) | * | 119 (1.0) | * | 121 (1.0) | * |
| Fiber (g) | 19.7 (0.2) | 31.5 (0.4) | * | 30.1 (0.4) | * | 30.9 (0.4) | * |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.6 (0.0) | 2.4 (0.0) | * | 2.4 (0.0) | * | 2.4 (0.0) | * |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.9 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0) | * | 2.0 (0.0) | * | 2.0 (0.0) | * |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 33.5 (0.3) | 44.6 (0.7) | * | 45.0 (0.7) | * | 45.1 (0.7) | * |
| Vitamin B6 (μg) | 1.1 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | * | 1.8 (0.0) | * | 1.9 (0.0) | * |
| Folate equivalents (μg) | 625 (7.0) | 579 (6.0) | * | 569 (6.0) | * | 587 (6.0) | * |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 3.9 (0.0) | 3.8 (0.0) | * | 3.8 (0.0) | * | 3.8 (0.0) | * |
| Vitamin E (μg) | 8.4 (0.1) | 9.0 (0.1) | * | 8.1 (0.1) | * | 8.6 (0.1) | * |
| Iron (mg) | 9.7 (0.1) | 11.8 (0.1) | * | 11.6 (0.1) | * | 11.6 (0.1) | * |
| Magnesium (mg) | 255 (2.0) | 459 (10.0) | * | 456 (10.0) | * | 461 (10.0) | * |
| Potassium (mg) | 2403 (20.0) | 2830 (28.0) | * | 2806 (28.0) | * | 2828 (28.0) | * |
| Sodium (mg) | 2313 (23.0) | 2251 (23.0) | * | 2243 (23.0) | * | 2253 (23.0) | * |
| Zinc (mg) | 9.2 (0.1) | 10.7 (0.1) | * | 10.4 (0.1) | * | 10.6 (0.1) | * |
a Daily nutrient intake for participants in the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS).
b Simple ratio (10:1), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates. Modelled data, carbohydrate foods were substituted with similar foods that satisfied the simple ratio.
c Modified ratio (10:1:2), At least 1g of fibre and no more than 2g of free sugars per 10g of carbohydrates. Modelled data, carbohydrate foods were substituted with similar foods that satisfied the modified ratio.
d Dual ratio (10:1 & 1:2), At least 1g of fibre per 10g of carbohydrates and no more than 2g of free sugars per 1g of fibre.
e P values were derived by paired samples t-tests; statistical significance is denoted by * (p<0.001). Modelled data, carbohydrate foods were substituted with similar foods that satisfied the dual ratio.