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. 2021 Apr 28;144(2):144–158. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052788

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© 2021 The Authors.

Circulation is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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Figure 4. — Coupled electron transport chain is crucial for early macrophage activation and function. Relative expression of Nos2 and Retnla1 in untreated, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or interleukin (IL) 4+IL13-treated bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) activated for 3 hours under normal salt (NS) or high salt (HS) or NS+dimethyl malonate (DMM) (A) (pooled data n=16 from 2 independent experiments), NS+antimycin A (AA) (B) (pooled data n=8 from 2 independent experiments), or NS+BAM15 (C) (pooled data n=6 from 2 independent experiments). D and E, Relative Escherichia coli (E. coli) colony-forming units (CFUs) in BMDMs (D) (pooled data n=18 from 3 independent experiments) and freshly isolated human monocytes (E) (pooled data n=10 from 3 independent experiments), 3 hours after infection under NS, HS, or NS+BAM15 (10 µM) treatment. Relative gene expression of Nos2 (F) and Il6 (H), as well as nitrite in the supernatant (G) in untreated or LPS-treated BMDMs activated for 24 hours under NS or HS. F through H, Data (n=6 each) are depicted as box and whisker with minimum to maximum. Significance was analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (A through C, E through H) and Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test for D. I, Relative gene expression of Il6, Il8, Tnf, and Il23 in human macrophages activated for 24 hours with LPS+interferon (IFN)γ under NS or HS conditions (n=6 each for IL6, Il8, and Il23, n=5 each for Tnf). For I, data are shown as donor-paired mean and were analyzed by paired, 2-tailed t test (Il6, Il8, Il23) or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank 2-tailed test (Tnf).