Table 2.

Mechanisms of anthocyanins from different plants on different cancers.

Diseases	Plant Origin	Main Anthocyanins	Mechanism	Reference
Colorectal Cancer	Rubus occidentalis	C3G, C3XR, C3R	↑Probiotics ↓Inflammation ↓Pathogenic bacteria	[99]
	Rubus occidentalis	C3G, C3XR, 3CR	↑MiR-24-1-5p ↓β-catenin	[100]
	Vitis vinifera	Mv	↓HT-29 colon cancer cells	[101]
	Fragaria ananassa	Pg-3-G
	Vitis coignetiae Pulliat	D-3-5-D, Pt-3-5-D, D3G, Mv-3-5-D, Pn-3-5-D, C3G, Pt-3-G, Pn-3-G, Mv-3-G	↓NF-jB ↓MMP-2 ↓MMP-9	[102]
	Solanum tuberosum	Mv-3-RG Pt-3-RG	↓Wnt/β-catenin ↑Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis	[103]
	purple-shoot tea	Dp, Cy, Mv, Pn	↑Caspase 3 ↑Bax/Bcl-2	[104]
Liver Cancer	Oryza sativa	C3G, Pn-3-G	↓TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB ↓Cell proliferation	[105]
	Morus alba	C3G, C3R	↓Lipid peroxidation ↓COX-2 ↑Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes	[106]
	Vaccinium angustifolium	Mv-3-Gal	↓Proliferation, apoptosis, migration, Invasion-related pathways	[107]
Esophageal Cancer	Rubus occidentalis	C3G, C3R, C3XR	↓Genes associated with inflammation	[108]
			Altering cytokine expression and innate immune cell trafficking into tumor tissues.	[109]
Pancreatic Cancer	Vitis vinifera		↓Pancreatic cancer cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells	[110]
	Vaccinium myrtillus
Oral Cancer	Oryza sativa	C3G	↓MMP-2, MMP-9 ↓NF-Kb ↓NFkB p65↓ PI3K/Akt	[111]
	Vaccinium uliginosum	C3G	↓methylation of p53 ↑caspase-9 ↑cytochrome c	[112]
Breast Cancer	Vitis vinifera	D-3-5-D, C3R	↑Intracellular reactive oxygen ↑Apoptosis ↓MCF-7 cells in the G2/M phases	[113]
	Fragaria x ananassa	C3G, Pg-3-G	↓AMPK ↑Apoptosis ↑Oxidative stress	[114]
	Eugenia jambolana	Dp, Cy, Pt, Pn, Mv		[115]
	Acanthopanax sessiliflorus	C-3-Sam	↓Metastasis processes, regulation of matrix metalloproteinase9 activity	[116]
	Oryza sativa		↓Metastasis in breast cancer cells by targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway	[117]
Ovarian Cancer	Vaccinium myrtillus	Dp, Cy, Mv, Pe, Pt	↓p-glycoproteins in OVCA432 cells. Antiproliferative	[118]
Thyroid Cancer	Morus alba		↑Autophagy-dependent cell death ↑Apoptosis	[119]
Prostate Cancer	Vitis vinifera	Proanthocyanidins	↓Notch1 pathway	[120]
	Luempua	C3G	↓Epithelial mesenchymal transition	[121]
Bladder Cancer	Ipomoea batatas		↓PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2 ↑Apoptosis	[122]
Non-small-cell lung cancer	Vaccinium myrtillus	Dp, Cy, Mv, Pe, Pt	↓NSCLC growth and the metastatic processes, targets mediating cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis.	[123]