Table 3. Characteristics of study participants.

		Intervention group (n = 206)		Control group (n = 74)		P-value
Individual-specific variables
Age, years	Mean (SD)	23.4	(2.73)	23.5	(2.98)	0.703a
Gender	Male	35	17.0%	10	13.5%	0.485b
	Female	171	83.0%	64	86.5%
Ethnicity	Kinh	187	90.8%	73	98.6%	0.024b
	Others	19	9.2%	1	1.4%
Type of pre-service education program	Intermediate	10	4.9%	4	5.4%	< 0.001b
	College	171	83.4%	41	55.4%
	University or higher	24	11.7%	29	39.2%
Contractual status with clinical training facility	Permanent contract	71	34.5%	16	21.6%	0.044b
	Fix-term contract	94	45.6%	46	62.2%
	Internship	41	19.9%	12	16.2%
Clinical-training-facility-specific variables
Type of health facility	Provincial hospital	200	97.1%	61	82.4%	< 0.001b
	District hospital	6	2.9%	13	17.6%
Number of beds	0–999	39	18.9%	19	25.7%	0.466b
	1000–1499	99	48.1%	32	43.2%
	1500–1999	68	33.0%	23	31.1%
Number of nurses	0–499	133	64.6%	51	68.9%	0.498b
	500–999	73	35.4%	23	31.1%

^a Mann-Whitney U test.

^b Chi-square test.