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. 2021 Jul 9;16(7):e0254488. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254488

Table 3. Risk factors for severe pneumonia (presence of danger signs, hypoxemia, prolonged stay).

With danger signs Hypoxemia Prolonged stay
Characteristics Adjusted OR1 p-value Adjusted OR1 p- value Adjusted OR1 p-value
Vitamin D level
    < 75 nmol/L2 1.04 (0.38–2.86) 0.94 1.47 (0.34–6.31) 0.61 0.61 (0.25–1.51) 0.28
    < 50 nmol/L2 0.80 (0.25–2.56) 0.71 1.34 (0.29–6.13) 0.70 0.72 (0.25–2.08) 0.55
    < 25 nmol/L2 1.10 (0.20–5.95) 0.92 6.41 (0.77–53.34) 0.09 1.10 (0.20–5.95) 0.92
Younger age (2–5 months old) 1.53 (0.61–3.85) 0.36 0.77 (0.20–3.01) 0.71 2.91 (1.23–6.91) 0.02
Younger Gestational age (in weeks) 1.11 (0.93–1.31) 0.26 1.34 (1.07–1.67) 0.01 0.99 (0.84–1.16) 0.88
Low birth weight (< 2500 g) 1.28 (0.35–4.67) 0.71 4.59 (1.14–18.50) 0.03 1.09 (0.33–3.68) 0.89
Increased maternal age 0.99 (0.92–1.06) 0.69 1.02 (0.93–1.11) 0.72 0.97 (0.91–1.03) 0.30
Weight for age
    -2 SD to 2 SD Ref Ref Ref
    < - 2SD (underweight) 0.94 (0.27–3.25) 0.92 5.95 (1.54–23.04) 0.01 1.55 (0.52–4.62) 0.43
    < - 3SD (severely underweight) 0.93 (0.21–4.16) 0.92 9.58 (1.46–62.34) 0.02 8.53 (1.89–38.49) 0.005
Weight/length for age
    > 2 SD 3.14 (0.35–28.56) 0.31 n/a 1.88 (0.22–16.49) 0.57
    -2 SD to 2 SD Ref Ref Ref
    < - 2SD (wasted) 1.81 (0.35–9.42) 0.48 11.26 (0.86–147.47) 0.07 1.38 (0.27–6.94) 0.70
    < - 3SD (severely wasted) 2.36 (0.29–18.86) 0.42 n/a 2.89 (0.40–20.75) 0.29
Early introduction of solid foods3 2.45 (0.86–6.92) 0.09 1.91 (0.51–7.10) 0.34 0.45 (0.15–1.37) 0.16
Anemia4 1.00 (0.37–2.72) 0.99 2.00 (0.42–9.66) 0.39 0.93 (0.38–2.23) 0.86
Received antibiotics prior to admission 0.89 (0.35–2.28) 0.81 0.33 (0.09–1.28) 0.11 0.45 (0.20–1.04) 0.06

1Adjusted for gender, passive smoking exposure, socio-economic status, overcrowding house.

2Adjusted for ender, passive smoking exposure, socio-economic status, overcrowding house, and exclusive breastfeeding status.

3 Solids given before 6 months.

4Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentration of < 12.6 gram/dL in age under 6 months, < 12 gram/dL in age between 6 and 23 months, and < 12.5 gram/dL in between 24–59 months.

n/a–there was no sufficient number to run the analysis for the association between exposure and outcome.