FIG. 5.

In situ skin-on-a-chip platforms. (a) Device composed of two channels and a well-like structure in the middle for casting the dermal compartment. Keratinocytes were inoculated through the upper channel. Reprinted with permission from Sriram et al., Mater Today. 21, 4 (2018). Copyright 2018 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CCBY) License 4.0.⁸⁰ (b) Chip designed with two channels and adapted for TEER measurements. Republished with permission from Ramadan et al., Lab Chip 16, 10 (2016). Copyright 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry, permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.⁸² (c) Three-layered chip containing keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and HUVECs recreating the three layers of the skin. Reprinted with permission from Wufuer et al., Sci Rep. 6, 1–12 (2016). Copyright 2016 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CCBY) License 4.0.⁸³ (d) Pumpless microfluidic chip in which skin was directly cast inside the well located in a hole of the middle of the device. Reprinted with permission from Kim et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 11 (2020). Copyright 2020 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CCBY) License 4.0.⁷⁷