TABLE I.
Materials and alignment methods of recent advances in extrusion printed muscle constructs.
| Material type | Material/s | Alignment method | Cell type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synthetic | Polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC) | Shear-induced polymer alignment | C2C12 | 20 |
| Semi-synthetic | Self-assembling peptide | N/A | C2C12 | 17 |
| Natural | Collagen | Shear-induced polymer alignment | C2C12 | 26 |
| Collagen | Unidirectional Gold nanowires (GNW) | C2C12, human adipose derived stem cells Sprague–Dawley rats | 34 | |
| Gelatin/alginate | Shear-induced cell alignment | C2C12, HUVECs, athymic nude mice | 25 | |
| GelMA/alginate | N/A | C2C12 | 19, 21 | |
| GelMA/alginate | N/A | Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) | 22 | |
| GelMA/cellulose | N/A | C2C12 | 19 | |
| Fibrinogen/gelatin/hyaluronic acid (HA) | Pillars | C2C12 | 24 | |
| Multiple | Polyethylene glycol (PEG)/fibrinogen | Shear-induced polymer alignment | C2C12, subcutaneous implantation in immunocompromised mice | 18 |
| GelMA with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) | N/A | C2C12 | 19 | |
| Alginate/Pluronic F-127 | Shear-induced cell alignment | C2C12 | 23 | |
| (dECM-MA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | Shear-induced polymer alignment | C2C12 | 27 |