Table 1.
Participant demographic variables.
| Controls (n = 146) | Tic disorders group (n = 64) | Tics without comorbid ADHD (n = 33) | Tics with comorbid ADHD (n = 31) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (standard deviation) | 12.99 (4.10) | 12.38 (2.58) | 12.53 (2.70) | 12.38 (2.51) |
| Left-hand dominant (percent of total) | 13/146 (8.9%) | 11/64 (17.19%) | 3/33 (9.09%) | 8/31 (25.81%) |
| Male : female ratio (percent male of total) | 77 : 69 (52.74%) | 60 : 4 (93.75%) | 28 : 5 (84.85%) | 30 : 1 (96.77%) |
|
| ||||
| Comorbidities in tic disorders group | ||||
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | 31/64 (48%) | |||
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 16/64 (25%) | 6/33 (18.18%) | 10/31 (32.26%) | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 16/64 (25%) | 8/33 (24.24%) | 8/31 (25.81%) | |
| Depression | 5/64 (7.8%) | 3/33 (9.09%) | 2/31 (6.45%) | |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 5/64 (7.8%) | 1/33 (3.03%) | 4/31 (12.9%) | |
|
| ||||
| Medications for tics in tic disorders group (number of participants and percentage of group) | ||||
| Aripiprazole | 5 (7.81%) | |||
| Clonidine | 4 (6.25%) | |||
| Guanfacine | 4 (6.25%) | |||
| Risperidone | 1 (1.56%) | |||
| Topiramate | 1 (1.56%) | |||
| No medications for tics | 49 (76.56%) | |||