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Ang II mediated the activation of Smad/TGF-β signaling cascade and development of pulmonary fibrosis. Ang I: angiotensin I; Ang II: angiotensin II; Ang 1–7: angiotensin 1–7; ACE1: angiotensin-converting enzyme 1; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; AT1R: angiotensin type 1 receptor; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta.
