Table 1.
Baseline clinical and pathological features of healthy controls and patients with bladder cancer along with urinary levels of PD-L1.
| Variable | Bladder cancer | Overall | Control N = 39 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (Before TURB) | Group 2 (After TURB) | |||||||||
| NMIBC N = 16 | MIBC N = 4 | p value* | NMIBC N = 31 | MIBC N = 32 | p value** | NMIBC N = 47 | MIBC N = 36 | p value** | ||
| Age (y) | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||||
| Median | 68.0 | 70.5 | 66.0 | 63.5 | 67.0 | 66.5 | 50.0 | |||
| IQR | 59–78 | 70–72 | 58–75 | 57–76 | 58–76 | 57–74 | 33–61 | |||
| Sex (no., %) | 0.1944 | 0.8175 | 0.4585 | |||||||
| Female | 1 (6) | 0 | 6 (19) | 7 (22) | 7 (15) | 7 (19) | 10 (26) | |||
| Male | 15 (94) | 4 (100) | 25 (81) | 25 (78) | 40 (85) | 29 (81) | 29 (74) | |||
| Grade (no., %) | ||||||||||
| Low | 7 (44) | 0 | 10 (32) | 3 (9) | 17 (36) | 3 (8) | n.a | |||
| High | 9 (56) | 4 (100) | 21 (68) | 29 (91) | 30 (64) | 33 (92) | n.a | |||
| TNM-stage (no., %) | ||||||||||
| pTa | 12 (75) | 0 | 12 (39) | 0 | 24 (51) | 0 | n.a | |||
| pTis | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (2) | 0 | n.a | |||
| pT1 | 4 (25) | 0 | 18 (58) | 0 | 22 (47) | 0 | n.a | |||
| pT2 | 0 | 3 (75) | 0 | 28 (88) | 0 | 31 (86) | n.a | |||
| pT3*** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (9) | 0 | 3 (8) | n.a | |||
| pT4*** | 0 | 1 (25) | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 2 (6) | n.a | |||
| PD-L1 concentration (pg/mL) | < 0.0001 | 0.0003 | < 0.0001 | |||||||
| Median | 11.28 | 71.73 | 7.90 | 4.10 | 9.55 | 5.93 | 0 | |||
| IQR | 0–21 | 27–123 | 0–20 | 0–12 | 0–20 | 0–17 | 0–3 | |||
| Mean | 11.00 | 75.29 | 18.67 | 33.16 | 16.06 | 37.85 | 1.93 | |||
| Standard deviation | 11.03 | 58.84 | 31.18 | 90.60 | 26.21 | 88.02 | 4.07 | |||
Abbreviations IQR: inter-quartile range; n.a.: not applicable; NMIBC: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer; MIBC: muscle-invasive bladder cancer; TNM: tumor, node, metastasis (classification); TURB: transurethral resection of the bladder.
*Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher’s exact test used to determine if there was significant variation in the medians of the control and NMBIC and MIBC groups for continuous (age and PD-L1 concentration) and categorical variables (sex), respectively.
**Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-Square test used to determine if there was significant variation in the medians of the control and NMBIC and MIBC groups for continuous (age and PD-L1 concentration) and categorical variables (sex), respectively.
***The final pathological stage was determined after radical cystectomy following urine sample collection.