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. 2021 Jul 9;11:14232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93857-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Decreased serum sphingosine level is linked with COVID-19 symptoms. Lipidomics measurements based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for (A) Sphingosine (Sph), (B) dihydro-sphingosine (dhSph), (C) sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1p), and (D) dihydro-sphingosine 1-phosphate (dhSph-1p). LC–MS/MS ceramide (Cer) measurements for (E) C20:4-Cer, and (F) C26:1 Cer. Moreover, LC–MS/MS ceramide (Cer) measurements for (G) C14-Cer, (H) C16-Cer, (I) C18-Cer, (J) C18:1-Cer, (K) C20-Cer, (L) C22-Cer, (M) C22:1-Cer, (N) C24-Cer, (O) C24:1-Cer, and (P) C26-Cer. (Q) Graphical ROC (receiving-operating characteristics) curve for Sph as a prognostic measure, produced by plotting Sensitivity(true positive rate) against 1-Specificity (false positive rate). Area under the ROC curve is 0.9977 or 99.77%. The light green line (ROC curve) shows combinations of sensitivity and specificity for threshold values, while the red dotted line (Random chances) indicates a reference cut-off point for a useful model. Neg negative antibody test (n = 130), Pos asymptomatic positive antibody test (n = 134), COVID-19 symptomatic patients (n = 131). Data are means of ± SEM, and P < 0.05 is considered significant. Comparisons significant at the 0.05 level are indicated by ***.