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. 2021 Jul 9;11:14232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93857-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Elevated acid ceramidase level in asymptomatic serum is positively correlated with sphingosine levels. LC–MS/MS measurements for (A) sphingosine (Sph), (B) dihydro-sphingosine (dhSph), (C) dihydro-sphingosine 1-phosphate (dhSph-1p), and (D) sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1p). (E) Representative western blot image detecting AC (mature alpha-subunit) in equal volumes (24 µl) of serum for Neg (n = 18), Pos (n = 22), and COVID-19 (n = 22). Representative slot blot images detecting AC in equal volumes (15 µl) of serum for (F) Neg (n = 23), Pos (n = 114), and COVID-19 (n = 23), and (G) Pos (n = 59), E (n = 59), and M1 (n = 59). Inpt inpatient (E, n = 27; M1, n = 5), ICU Intensive Care Unit (E, n = 22; M1, n = 5); Outpt outpatient (E, n = 46; M1, n = 26). Pos asymptomatic positive antibody test, E enrolled at time of diagnosis, M1 one month of recovery, Neg negative antibody test, COVID-19 symptomatic patients. Data are means of ± SEM, and P < 0.05 is considered significant.