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. 2021 Jul 9;12:4226. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24291-6

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

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Fig. 4 — a Structure-based delineation of LAIR1 binding signature on RIFIN. b Phylogenic tree of V2 domain showing name and apex sequences of signature-matched RIFINs. Blue circles indicate the empirically confirmed LAIR1-positive RIFIN. Ape-infecting strains are highlighted in yellow or green, and P. falciparum strains in black. The number at the end of each name indicates its sequence in (c). c Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE showing LAIR1_MGD21 co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) by Fc-tagged RIFIN-V2 constructs identified by the signature. Confirmed LAIR1-binding RIFIN ID are highlighted in red. Lanes marked with “M” are molecular ladders showing 15–20 kDa bands. The SDS-PAGE runs were repeated at least twice. d FACS analysis example of RIFIN-LAIR1 (MGD21 and MGD21-UCA) or RIFIN-LILRB1(MDA1, MDB1, and MDC1) interaction. e Pie chart summary of 27 experimentally confirmed LAIR1-positive RIFINs, colored by three Plasmodium species (P. falciparum and two ape-specific species).