Table 2.
Baseline demographics and laboratory and clinical characteristics of validation sets.
| Validation set 1 | Validation set 2a | Validation set 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 | Non COVID-19 | COVID-19 | Non COVID-19 | COVID-19 | Non COVID-19 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Total, n | 40 | 565 | 155 | 2966 | 27 | 355 |
| Female, n (%) | 25 (62) | 261 (46) | 84 (54) | 1420 (48) | 15 (56) | 181 (51) |
| Age, years | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 57 ± 19 | 67 ± 20 | 54 ± 17 | 67 ± 20 | 55 ± 19 | 72 ± 19 |
| Median (IQR) | 58 (46–70) | 70 (54–85) | 56 (40–66) | 71 (55–84) | 58 (43–66) | 78 (61–87) |
| 16–35 | 7 (18) | 48 (8) | 30 (19) | 267 (9) | 5 (19) | 20 (6) |
| 35–50 | 6 (15) | 74 (13) | 30 (19) | 328 (11) | 5 (19) | 36 (10) |
| 50–65 | 11 (28) | 105 (19) | 51 (33) | 590 (20) | 9 (33) | 48 (14) |
| > 65 | 16 (40) | 338 (60) | 44 (28) | 1781 (60) | 8 (30) | 251 (71) |
| Haemoglobin g/dL | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (3) | 15 (1) | 1 (4) | 5 (1) |
| Mean ± SD | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 11.7 ± 2.5 | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 12.0 ± 2.5 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | 11.5 ± 2.6 |
| Median (IQR) | 12.8 (11.3–14.2) | 11.8 (9.9–13.3) | 13.4 (12.7–14.5) | 12.2 (10.4–13.7) | 13.5 (13.0–14.3) | 11.6 (9.8–13.4) |
| Haematocrit | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | 119 (4) | 1 (4) | 5 (1) |
| Mean ± SD | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Median (IQR) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) | 0.3 (0.3–0.4) |
| WBC, 109/L | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | 119 (4) | 1 (4) | 5 (1) |
| Mean ± SD | 6.7 ± 2.4 | 10.7 ± 6.0 | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 10.3 ± 6.0 | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 10.6 ± 5.7 |
| Median (IQR) | 6.2 (5.1–8.0) | 9.2 (6.7–13.0) | 5.0 (4.1–6.2) | 9.0 (6.6–12.5) | 4.7 (3.9–6.0) | 9.4 (7.0–13.0) |
| Lymphocyte, 109/L | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (5) | 618 (21) | 1 (4) | 6 (2) |
| Mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) |
| Monocyte 109/L | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (5) | 618 (21) | 1 (4) | 6 (2) |
| Mean ± SD | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 |
| Median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) |
| Neutrophil 109/L | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (5) | 617 (21) | 1 (4) | 5 (1) |
| Mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 2.4 | 8.5 ± 5.5 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 5.6 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 8.2 ± 4.9 |
| Median (IQR) | 4.2 (2.9–5.2) | 7.0 (4.7–10.7) | 3.1 (2.3–4.2) | 6.6 (4.4–10.3) | 3.1 (2.2–3.7) | 7.0 (4.7–10.2) |
| Platelet 109/L | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | 122 (4) | 1 (4) | 6 (2) |
| Mean ± SD | 255.0 ± 101.9 | 241.5 ± 105.6 | 198.2 ± 59.5 | 247.2 ± 100.2 | 202.7 ± 49.4 | 245.5 ± 107.2 |
| Median (IQR) | 238.0 (171.8–318.5) | 232.0 (172.0–297.0) | 193.0 (156.0–239.0) | 233.5 (183.0–294.0) | 187.0 (173.2–229.8) | 238.0 (184.0–291.0) |
| CRP mg/dL | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 1 (2) | 223 (39) | 35 (23) | 1642 (55) | 8 (30) | 311 (88) |
| Mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 7.4 | 8.2 ± 9.6 | 2.3 ± 3.5 | 6.1 ± 7.3 | 1.9 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 3.8 |
| Median (IQR) | 0.7 (0.3–2.4) | 4.4 (0.9–11.9) | 0.7 (0.3–2.9) | 3.3 (0.6–8.8) | 0.5 (0.4–2.1) | 1.8 (0.5–4.3) |
| LDH U/L | ||||||
| Missing, n (%) | 4 (10) | 365 (65) | 63 (41) | 2501 (84) | 4 (15) | 341 (96) |
| Mean ± SD | 245.3 ± 79.4 | 274.5 ± 145.4 | 227.4 ± 121.5 | 287.4 ± 339.4 | 251.3 ± 80.6 | 527.1 ± 769.1 |
| Median (IQR) | 228.0 (189.5–268.0) | 226.0 (185.8–322.8) | 190.2 (172.8–235.0) | 225.0 (182.0–290.0) | 231.0 (193.0–286.0) | 280.5 (195.2–442.0) |
| Contact history | ||||||
| Travel, n (%) | 12 (30) | 133 (24) | N/A | N/A | 0 (0) | 2 (1) |
| Close contact, n (%) | 20 (50) | 14 (2) | N/A | N/A | 19 (70) | 6 (2) |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Fever, n (%) | 19 (48) | 254 (45) | N/A | N/A | 15 (56) | 168 (47) |
| Cough, n (%) | 23 (58) | 295 (52) | N/A | N/A | 16 (59) | 92 (26) |
| URTI, n (%) | 14 (35) | 94 (17) | N/A | N/A | 14 (52) | 33 (9) |
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 10 (25) | 236 (42) | N/A | N/A | 1 (4) | 122 (34) |
| Headache, n (%) | 2 (5) | 16 (3) | N/A | N/A | 4 (15) | 19 (5) |
| Myalgia, n (%) | 3 (8) | 9 (2) | N/A | N/A | 0 (0) | 85 (24) |
| Nausea & vomiting, n (%) | 1 (2) | 26 (5) | N/A | N/A | 0 (0) | 85 (24) |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 1 (2) | 20 (4) | N/A | N/A | 4 (15) | 36 (10) |
| Anosmia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | N/A | 5 (19) | 2 (1) |
| Admission condition | ||||||
| Fever (> 37.5 °C), n (%) | 9 (22) | 111 (20) | N/A | N/A | 20 (74) | 166 (47) |
| Requiring supplemental oxygen, n (%) | 4 (10) | 140 (25) | N/A | N/A | 2 (7) | 85 (24) |
SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, WBC white blood cell, CRP C-reactive protein, LDH lactate dehydrogenase.
aClinical characteristics were not extracted for validation set 2.