Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics, stratified by age and sex
| Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | < 65 years | 65–80 years | > 80 years | < 65 years | 65–80 years | > 80 years | p-value | |||
| Number | 2153 | 204 | 452 | 321 | 144 | 453 | 571 | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 77 (69–84) | 58 (53–61) | 72 (69–77) | 84 (82–87) | 58 (52–62) | 74 (70–77) | 85 (82–88) | < 0.001 | ||
| History of coronary artery disease | 513 (24.6) | 67 (33.2) | 171 (38.6) | 83 (26.7) | 29 (20.9) | 84 (19.1) | 79 (14.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| History of cancer | 242 (14.1) | 10 (5.7) | 59 (16.0) | 54 (21.1) | 17 (13.7) | 48 (13.2) | 54 (12.4) | < 0.001 | ||
| History of valvular disease | 207 (15.6) | 9 (9.8) | 45 (16.1) | 32 (13.3) | 14 (19.4) | 55 (20.7) | 52 (13.8) | 0.067 | ||
| Heart failure measures (%) | ||||||||||
| Ischaemic aetiology HF | 612 (29.3) | 72 (35.6) | 199 (44.9) | 108 (34.7) | 35 (25.2) | 99 (22.5) | 99 (17.9) | < 0.001 | ||
| NYHA class | ||||||||||
| NYHA I | 418 (19.8) | 75 (37.9) | 122 (27.3) | 36 (11.4) | 49 (34.3) | 75 (16.7) | 61 (10.9) | < 0.001 | ||
| NYHA II | 1038 (49.1) | 91 (46.0) | 224 (50.1) | 173 (54.6) | 63 (44.1) | 224 (50.0) | 263 (47.0) | |||
| NYHA III | 612 (29.0) | 30 (15.2) | 93 (20.8) | 98 (30.9) | 31 (21.7) | 145 (32.4) | 215 (38.4) | |||
| NYHA IV | 45 (2.1) | 2 (1.0) | 8 (1.8) | 10 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) | 21 (3.8) | |||
| NTproBNP (pmol), median (IQR) | 116.8 (40.5–291.5) | 30.6 (14.0–178.4) | 128.0 (48.4–255.3) | 167.0 (55.8–455.8) | 77.6 (35.3–389.3) | 92.0 (31.4–196.9) | 135.1 (42.4–382.1) | < 0.001 | ||
| Clinical measurements | ||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 5.9 | 29.3 ± 6.4 | 29.0 ± 5.5 | 26.8 ± 4.5 | 29.5 ± 7.6 | 30.0 ± 6.5 | 27.3 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 | ||
| Pulse pressure | 62.1 ± 19.2 | 58.3 ± 14.7 | 62.7 ± 18.8 | 60.7 ± 18.3 | 58.1 ± 18.7 | 63.7 ± 19.9 | 63.7 ± 20.7 | < 0.001 | ||
| DBP (mm Hg) | 72.7 ± 12.2 | 78.9 ± 13.2 | 73.8 ± 11.1 | 69.2 ± 11.4 | 76.7 ± 11.5 | 72.9 ± 12.4 | 70.4 ± 12.0 | < 0.001 | ||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 134.8 ± 22.9 | 137.2 ± 22.2 | 136.5 ± 22.3 | 129.9 ± 21.8 | 134.8 ± 21.6 | 136.5 ± 23.5 | 134.2 ± 23.5 | < 0.001 | ||
| eGFR | 61.3 ± 25.3 | 75.5 ± 21.2 | 57.7 ± 23.5 | 49.0 ± 24.7 | 68.4 ± 21.2 | 54.6 ± 21.5 | 45.2 ± 19.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Oedema (%) | 292 (17.9) | 23 (13.5) | 58 (16.5) | 53 (22.0) | 19 (15.6) | 54 (15.7) | 85 (21.0) | 0.086 | ||
| Devices (%) | 346 (16.1) | 31 (15.2) | 66 (14.6) | 55 (17.1) | 17 (11.8) | 74 (16.3) | 103 (18.0) | 0.454 | ||
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 1085 (50.6) | 90 (44.1) | 214 (47.3) | 153 (47.7) | 66 (45.8) | 240 (53.0) | 322 (56.4) | 0.006 | ||
| Diabetes | 642 (29.9) | 45 (22.1) | 159 (35.2) | 69 (21.5) | 32 (22.2) | 183 (40.4) | 154 (27.0) | < 0.001 | ||
| COPD | 109 (19.1) | 22 (10.8) | 101 (22.3) | 79 (24.6) | 27 (18.8) | 87 (19.2) | 93 (16.3) | 0.001 | ||
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 236 (11.0) | 28 (13.7) | 49 (10.8) | 32 (10.0) | 17 (11.8) | 64 (14.1) | 46 (8.1) | 0.041 | ||
| Renal insufficiencya | 972 (45.3) | 22 (10.8) | 164 (36.3) | 198 (61.7) | 29 (20.1) | 203 (44.8) | 356 (62.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 817 (38.4) | 33 (16.3) | 175 (38.9) | 152 (47.5) | 17 (12.1) | 162 (35.9) | 278 (49.2) | < 0.001 | ||
| Thyroid dysfunction | 167 (8.4) | 7 (3.7) | 18 (4.2) | 15 (5.0) | 16 (11.9) | 51 (12.1) | 60 (11.5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Peripheral artery disease | 71 (3.6) | 4 (2.1) | 16 (3.8) | 13 (4.3) | 3 (2.2) | 19 (4.5) | 16 (3.1) | 0.568 | ||
| Iron deficiency | 11 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.2) | 3 (0.6) | 0.392 | ||
| Number of comorbidities (median (IQR)) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | < 0.001 | ||
IQR interquartile range, HF heart failure, NYHA New York Heart Association, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
aDefined as an eGFR < 60 ml/min or a documented history of renal insufficiency