Table 2.
Echocardiographic characteristics at baseline, at day 1 and within 1 year following transcatheter ASD/PFO closure
| Variable | Baseline | Day 1 | Within 1 year | Pinteraction for ASD vs PFO |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right ventricular systolic function | ||||
| RVGLS, % | −20.7 ± 3.1 | −18.5 ± 4.6a | −17.9 ± 6.9 | – |
| RV TDI s’, cm/s | 14.3 ± 2.3 | 13.4 ± 2.1 | 12.7 ± 2.8b | 0.30 |
| TAPSE, mm | 24.4 ± 5.6 | 23.7 ± 4.7 | 23.1 ± 4.5 | 0.36 |
| RVFAC, % | 40.4 ± 7.5 | 41.5 ± 6.8 | 39.7 ± 6.7 | – |
| Right ventricular diastolic function | ||||
| RV-IVRT, ms | 61.8 ± 21.9 | 61.8 ± 18.8 | 72.8 ± 23.6b | 0.26 |
| RAVi, mL/m2 | 58.7 ± 35.8 | 47.4 ± 25.9a | 44.1 ± 19.7b | 0.44 |
| RA reservoir GLS, % | 36.9 ± 14.6 | 31.4 ± 13.2a | 30.4 ± 13.4b | 0.42 |
| Left ventricular systolic function | ||||
| LVEF (biplane), % | 54.0 ± 7.0 | 56.7 ± 8.6a | 55.1 ± 7.3 | 0.88 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 54.0 ± 7.0 | 56.7 ± 8.6 | 58.03 ± 16.3 | – |
| LVGLS, % | −15.7 ± 3.1 | −15.8 ± 2.9 | −16.0 ± 3.2 | 0.31 |
| Left ventricular diastolic function | ||||
| MV E/A | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | – |
| E/e’ ratio | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 7.3 ± 3.2a | 6.8 ± 1.8 | 0.76 |
| LAVi, mL/m2 | 29.6 ± 12.4 | 29.9 ± 11.2 | 34.5 ± 13.9b | 0.89 |
| LA reservoir GLS, % | 32.8 ± 13.9 | 26.7 ± 9.9a | 26.7 ± 10.7b | 0.79 |
| Cardiac dimensions and Doppler parameters | ||||
| LVIDd, mm | 48.0 ± 5.7 | 48.3 ± 5.0 | 50.0 ± 4.5b | – |
| LVIDs, mm | 34.3 ± 5.7 | 33.9 ± 4.9 | 35.1 ± 5.0 | – |
| LVMi, g/m2 | 72.9 ± 16.9 | 74.4 ± 14.7 | 81.7 ± 17.1b | – |
| RV basal diameter, mm | 40.5 ± 8.6 | 37.9 ± 7.8a | 37.6 ± 6.9b | – |
| LA area, cm2 | 21.8 ± 18.0 | 18.9 ± 3.57 | 20.5 ± 4.9 | – |
| RA area, cm2 | 18.3 ± 6.0 | 16.7 ± 5.8a | 16.0 ± 4.7b | – |
| TR velocity, m/s | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | – |
| PASP, mm Hg | 20.7 ± 12.3 | 23.4 ± 15.1 | 21.6 ± 11.7 | – |
Data are mean ± standard deviation
T‑ASD transcatheter atrial septal defect, PFO patent foramen ovale, RVGLS right ventricular global longitudinal strain, RV TDI s’ peak systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus by tissue Doppler imaging, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RVFAC right ventricular fractional area change, RV-IVRT right ventricular isovolumic relaxation time, RAVi right atrial volume index, GLS global longitudinal strain, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVGLS left ventricular global longitudinal strain, MV E/A mitral valve E velocity divided by A velocity, E/e’ ratio ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling to diastolic mitral annular velocity, LAVi left ventricular volume index, LA left atrial, LVIDd left ventricular internal diameter in diastole, LVIDs left ventricular internal diameter in systole, LVMi left ventricular mass index, TR velocity tricuspid regurgitant peak velocity, PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure
a P < 0.05 between baseline and 1‑day follow-up
b P < 0.05 between baseline and 1‑year follow-up