Table 3. Summary of articles focusing on equity in healthcare utilization .
| Author(s) | Aims | Study Design | Newcastle-Ottawa Scale** | Main outcome(s) |
| Bidgoli HH, Bogg L, Hasselberg M.(61) | To assess the distribution of pre-hospital trauma care facilities reflect the burden of Road Traffic Injury (RTI) and Mortality (RTM) | Cross-Sectional Ecological Study | Good | Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients |
| Mohammadbeigi A, Hassanzadeh J, Eshrati B, Rezaianzadeh A. (62) | To investigate and decompose the determinants of healthcare utilization (HCU) | Cross-Sectional Population based | Good | Decomposing Inequality |
| Mohammadbeigi A, Hassanzadeh J, Eshrati B, Rezaianzadeh A. (63) | To determine and compare the socioeconomic inequity in HCU by CI and odds ratio (OR) | Cross-Sectional Population based | Good | Concentration Index |
| Noroozi M, Rahimi E, Ghisvand H, Qorbani M, Sharifi H, Noroozi A, et al.(64) | To explore the relative contributions of inequality in utilization of NSPs and to decompose it to its determinants | Cross-Sectional Survey | Good | Decomposing Inequality |
| Davari M, Maracy MR, Aslani A, Bakhshizadeh Z, Khorasani E.(65) | To evaluate the equity in access to pharmaceutical services | Cross-Sectional | Good | Concentration and Lorenz curves. |
| Ramandi SD, Niakan L, Aboutorabi M, Noghabi JJ, Khammarnia M, Sadeghi A. (66) | To determine how doctors, paramedics and hospital beds are distributed in Iran | Trend Analysis | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient |
| Kiadaliri AA, Najafi B, Haghparast-Bidgoli H.(67) | To evaluate the distribution of need and access to health care services among Iran's rural population | Cross-Sectional Ecological Study | Good | Lorenz Curve, Gini Coefficient, Decile ratio and Index of Dissimilarity |
| Kavosi Z, Mohammadbeigi A, Ramezani-Doroh V, Hatam N, Jafari A, Firoozjahantighi A. (68) | To measure horizontal inequity in access to outpatient services | Cross-Sectional Population based Survey | Good |
Concentration Index Horizontal Inequity Index |
| Karyani AK, Azami SR, Rezaei S, Shaahmadi F, Ghazanfari S. (69) | To investigate the geographical distribution of gynecologists and midwives and to determine their distribution trend | Cross- Sectional | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient |
| Meshkini AH, Kebriaeezadeh A, Janghorban MR, Keshavarz K, Nikfar S.(70) | To analyze the geographic distribution and accessibility of pharmacies in the municipal territory for both pedestrians and drivers | A cross-sectional geographical based study | Satisfactory | straight-line distance measurements |
| Hajizadeh M, Connelly LB, Butler JR, Khosravi A.(71) | To analyze inequities of health care utilization | A cross-sectional population-based study | Good |
Concentration Index Horizontal Inequity Index |
| Noroozi M, Sharifi H, Noroozi A, Rezaei F, Bazrafshan MR, Armoon B.(72) | To explore the contribution of economic status to inequality in unprotected sex among people who inject drugs (PWID) | A cross-sectional behavioral survey in Tehran | Good | Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition |
| Geravandi S, Najafi M, Rajaee R, Mahmoudi S, Pakdaman M. (73) | To compare the distribution of burn beds with its disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in Iran | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient |
| Sefiddashti SE, Arab M, Ghazanfari S, Kazemi Z, Rezaei S, Karyani AK. (74) | To determine the trend of inequality in the allocation of human resources in the health sector | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient |
| Honarmand R, Mozhdehifard M, Kavosi Z. (75) | To determine distribution of maternal and child health related workforces | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient |
| MORADI LM, Ramezani M, Naghavi M.(76) | To determine the equality in safe delivery indices, i.e., appropriate place of delivery, type of delivery and skilled attendant for delivery, and their determinants in Iran. | A cross-sectional study | Good | Concentration Index for appropriate place of delivery, normal vaginal delivery and skilled attendant for deliver |
| Meskarpour-Amiri M, Mehdizadeh P, Barouni M, Dopeykar N, Ramezanian M.(77) | To determine the trend of inequality in the distribution of intensive care beds | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient for ICU and NICU beds |
| Jadidi R, Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, Ansari H, Ghaderi E.(78) | To evaluate the inequity in timely vaccination with a focus on inequities in timeliness | A historical cohort study | Good | Concentration Index of mother and father’s education for timely vaccination |
| Masoodi M, Rahimzadeh M.(79) | To investigate geographical accessibility of residential areas to health services | A cross-sectional geographical information system | Good | Floating Catchment Area (FCA), minimum distance methods and Response Time (RT) accessibility technique |
| Emamian MH, Zeraati H, Majdzadeh R, Shariati M, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. (80) |
To assess the role of economic inequality in the utilization of eye care services, and to identify its determinants |
A cohort study | Good | Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of ophthalmologist or optometrist Examination. |
| Homaie Rad E, Ghiasi A, Arefnezhad M, Bayati M. (81) | Inequalities between general physicians’ (GP) and specialists’ visits; also, the factors effecting the utilization of visits were determined | A cross-sectional population-based study | Satisfactory | Concentration Index of general practitioners and specialists’ visits. |
| Kazemi Karyani A, Kazemi Z, Shaahmadi F, Arefi Z, Ghazanfari S.(82) | To investigate the inequality and trend of geographic accessibility to Pediatricians | A time trend analysis | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient and Index of Dissimilarity of accessibility to pediatrics |
| Meskarpour-Amiri M, Dopeykar N, Ameryoun A, Tavana AM. (83) | To examined inequality in geographical distribution of cardiovascular health services | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient of CCU beds and Cardiologist |
| Mobaraki H, Hassani A, Kashkalani T, Khalilnejad R, Chimeh EE.(84) | To assess distribution of all human resources in public sector of the country | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient and Rabin hood indexes for human resources distribution |
| Omrani-Khoo H, Lotfi F, Safari H, Jame SZB, Moghri J, Shafii M. (85) | To examine both equality and equity in resources distribution | A cross-sectional study | Good | Gini Coefficient and Rabin hood and Concentration Index of hemodialysis beds |
| Sari AA, Rezaei S, Rad EH, Dehghanian N, Chavehpour Y. (86) | To investigate the disparity in the distribution of health physical resources | A cross-sectional retrospective study | Good | Gini Coefficient, Gaswirth index and Index of Dissimilarity of Health physical resources |
| Mohammadbeigi A, Arsangjang S, Mohammadsalehi N, Anbari Z, Ghaderi E. (87) | To estimate the inequity related to the educational level of parents on the access and utilization of oral health care | A cross-sectional study | Good | concentration (C) index of inequity related to the educational level of parents on the access and utilization of oral health care |
| Rad EH, Kavosi Z, Arefnezhad M.(88) | To describe inequality in dental care utilization in Iran | A cross-sectional population-based study | Good | concentration index of dental care utilization in Iran |
| Hatam N, Zakeri M, Sadeghi A, Ramandi SD, Hayati R, Siavashi E.(89) | To assess the distribution of hospital beds in Shiraz in 2014 | A retrospective cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini Coefficient of hospital beds |
| Ameryoun A, Meskarpour-Amiri M, Dezfuli-Nejad ML, Khoddami-Vishteh H, Tofighi S.(90) | to evaluate the inequality of geographical distribution of non-cardiac intensive care beds | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | geographical distribution of non-cardiac intensive care beds in Iran using the Gini coefficient |
| Hashemi H, Rezvan F, Fotouhi A, Khabazkhoob M, Gilasi H, Etemad K, et al. (91) | To investigate distribution of the cataract surgical | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Concentration Index of Cataract Surgery per 1 million population |
| Reshadat S, Saedi S, Zangeneh A, Ghasemi S, Gilan N, Karbasi A, et al. (92) | To analyze the spatial accessibility to urban primary-care centers of the population in Kermanshah city, Islamic Republic of Iran | A descriptive-analytical study over 3 time periods | Good | The analysis was based on a standard radius of 750 m distance from health centers, walking speed of 1 m/s and desired access time to health centers of 12.5 mins. |
| Rezaei S, Karyani A, Fallah R, Matin B. (93) | To evaluate inequalities in the geographical distribution of human and physical resources in the health sector | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Gini coefficient for human resources |
| Chavehpour Y, Rashidian A, Raghfar H, Emamgholipour sefiddashti S, Maroofi A.(94) | To assesses the ‘inverse care law’ hypothesis: whether hospitals tended to be built in the relatively better-off areas through the time | A longitudinal time-series study | Good | Gini Coefficient of public and private beds. |
| Nemati R, Seyedin H, Nemati A, Sadeghifar J, Nasiri AB, Mousavi SM, et al. (95) | To examine the disparities in access to health care services | A cross-sectional study | Satisfactory | Scalogram analysis model to access to health care services. |
| Yari A, Nedjat S, Asadi-Lari M, Majdzadeh R (96) | Gaining a deeper understanding of people’s perception on inequality of health and its determinants | A qualitative | Good | “Consensus on social, mental and physical health inequality |
| Mohammadi S, Gargari SS, Fallahian M, Källestål C, Ziaei S, Essén B.(97) | To investigate whether care quality for maternal near miss (MNM) differed between Iranians and Afghans and identify potential preventable attributes of MNM | cross-sectional study | Good | risk of maternal near miss (MNM) and suboptimal care among Afghan rather Iranians |