Table 2.
Sensitivity analysis of instrument
| Studied subgroups | Years of data collection | Number of prevalence measures | Total sample size | Prevalence range (%) | Effect size | Subgroup comparison | Heterogeneity between studies | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted average prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Q between subgroup tests p value | Cochrane Q test's p value | I2 (%) | 95% prediction intervala | |||||
| EMR | ||||||||||
| All countries (Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) | 2005–2020 | 94 | 26,029 | 2.40–99.90 | 33.03 | 27.40–39.19 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 98.80 | 3.53–86.94 |
| Diagnostic Instrumentsb | 2012–2015 | 5 | 1192 | 2.90–81.81 | 26.31 | 6.29–65.50 | 0.6949 | < 0.0001 | 99.10 | 0.05–99.61 |
| Screening Instruments | 2005–2020 | 89 | 24,837 | 2.40–99.90 | 33.37 | 27.74–39.53 | < 0.0001 | 98.80 | 3.87–86.16 | |
| BDI | 2005–2018 | 25 | 6679 | 7.80–89.25 | 33.33 | 24.91–42.97 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 97.90 | 5.43–81.31 |
| BDI–2 | 2006–2018 | 8 | 1082 | 22.00–92.90 | 45.90 | 26.88–66.18 | < 0.0001 | 97.20 | 3.80–94.80 | |
| BDI–SF | 2017 | 1 | 247 | 9.88 | 9.72 | 6.60–14.09 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| DASS–21 | 2010–2020 | 18 | 4903 | 9.50–99.90 | 40.21 | 26.04–56.22 | < 0.0001 | 99.00 | 3.22–93.15 | |
| DASS–42 | 2007–2016 | 2 | 470 | 2.40–29.10 | 9.23 | 1.36–42.79 | N/A | 95.40 | N/A | |
| HADS | 2012–2020 | 14 | 4412 | 6.10–82.00 | 26.05 | 15.98–39.47 | < 0.0001 | 98.30 | 2.53–82.72 | |
| PHQ–9 | 2013–2020 | 10 | 4332 | 2.51–71.4 | 33.89 | 18.20–54.15 | < 0.0001 | 99.20 | 2.01–92.77 | |
| Otherc | 2006–2016 | 11 | 2712 | 6.20–85.10 | 33.45 | 18.47–52.73 | < 0.0001 | 98.30 | 2.15–92.00 | |
BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-2 Beck Depression Inventory-2, BDI-SF Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form, DASS-21 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, DASS-42 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-42, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9
aOnly calculated when 3 or more data points available
bIncludes: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI); Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV); Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2); Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (WHO SCAN); and clinical diagnosis by doctors
cOther: General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Symptom Checklist for Depression, de novo questionnaire