Table 3.
Meta-analysis of depression among HCWs in the EMR by country and profession
| Studied subgroups | Years of data collection | Number of prevalence measures | Total sample size | Prevalence range (%) | Effect size | Subgroup Comparison | Heterogeneity between studies | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted average prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Q between subgroup tests p value | Cochrane Q test's p value | I2 (%) | 95% prediction intervala | |||||
| EMR | ||||||||||
| All countries (Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) | 2005–2020 | 94 | 26,029 | 1.70–99.90 | 33.03 | 27.40–39.19 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 98.80 | 3.53–86.94 |
| Egypt | ||||||||||
| All professions | 2013–2018 | 10 | 2507 | 20.00–92.90 | 55.69 | 41.74–68.79 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 97.50 | 12.98–91.37 |
| Doctors | 2016 | 2 | 961 | 52.00–65.40 | 58.92 | 49.34–67.88 | 0.0716 | < 0.0001 | 88.70 | N/A |
| Residents | 2013–2018 | 4 | 641 | 20.00–59.52 | 40.06 | 25.51–56.61 | < 0.0001 | 92.40 | 2.80–93.94 | |
| Nurses | 2013–2016 | 4 | 645 | 45.00–92.90 | 69.16 | 46.25–85.39 | < 0.0001 | 95.90 | 2.32–99.53 | |
| All specialties | No data | |||||||||
| Iran | ||||||||||
| All professions | 2005–2020 | 44 | 11,436 | 2.90–99.90 | 29.61 | 22.16–38.33 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 98.60 | 2.87–85.67 |
| Health care workers | 2010–2020 | 4 | 670 | 43.4. –99.90 | 87.40 | 25.69–99.29 | 0.1089 | 0.0027 | 99.30 | 0.00–100.00 |
| Doctors | 2020 | 1 | 127 | 26.80 | 26.77 | 19.80–35.13 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Residents | 2014–2015 | 2 | 2449 | 31.20–81.81 | 58.60 | 22.26–87.50 | < 0.0001 | 98.60 | N/A | |
| Nurses | 2005–2020 | 36 | 7961 | 2.90–89.25 | 23.84 | 18.74–29.83 | < 0.0001 | 96.70 | 4.58–67.14 | |
| Allied health staff | 2020 | 1 | 229 | 24.00 | 24.02 | 18.92–29.97 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| All specialties | 2005–2020 | 44 | 11,436 | 2.90–99.90 | 29.61 | 22.16–38.33 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 98.60 | 2.87–85.67 |
| Emergency medicine | 2014–2015 | 1 | 198 | 81.81 | 81.82 | 75.82–86.59 | < 0.0001 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Lebanon | ||||||||||
| All Professions | 2013 | 4 | 171 | 8.00–46.00 | 22.98 | 9.93–44.69 | N/A | 0.0062 | 81.30 | 0.41–95.63 |
| Residents | 2013 | 3 | 80 | 8.00–46.00 | 17.75 | 5.46–44.65 | 0.0081 | 0.0026 | 73.70 | 0.00–100.00 |
| Nurses | 2013 | 1 | 91 | 36.20 | 36.26 | 27.07–46.59 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| All specialties | 2013 | 4 | 171 | 8.00–46.00 | 22.98 | 9.93–44.69 | N/A | 0.0062 | 81.30 | 0.41–95.63 |
| Internal medicine | 2013 | 1 | 35 | 46.00 | 45.71 | 30.22–62.09 | 0.0062 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Surgery | 2013 | 1 | 25 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 2.01–26.94 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Obestetrics & Gynecology | 2013 | 1 | 20 | 12.00 | 10.00 | 2.51–32.38 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Oman | ||||||||||
| All professions | 2017 | 4 | 531 | 1.70–11.40 | 3.75 | 1.54–8.84 | N/A | 0.0023 | 69.9 | 0.09–61.61 |
| Residents | 2017 | 4 | 531 | 1.70–11.40 | 3.75 | 1.54–8.84 | N/A | 0.0023 | 69.9 | 0.09–61.61 |
| All specialties | 2017 | 4 | 531 | 1.70–11.40 | 3.75 | 1.54–8.84 | N/A | 0.0023 | 69.9 | 0.09–61.61 |
| Internal Medicine | 2017 | 1 | 235 | 3.00–11.40 | 2.98 | 1.43–6.11 | 0.0023 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Surgery | 2017 | 1 | 119 | 1.70 | 1.68 | 0.42–6.47 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Radiology | 2017 | 1 | 45 | 2.2 | 2.22 | 0.31–14.16 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Pakistan | ||||||||||
| All professions | 2008–2020 | 11 | 2196 | 6.10–85.30 | 31.69 | 18.75–48.26 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 97.80 | 2.89–87.86 |
| Health care workers | 2020 | 3 | 882 | 27.30–34.60 | 31.42 | 28.00–35.05 | 0.0081 | 0.1375 | 24.00 | 10.20–64.88 |
| Doctors | 2008–2018 | 6 | 1209 | 6.10–85.30 | 27.53 | 9.87–56.85 | < 0.0001 | 97.40 | 0.37–97.46 | |
| Residents | 2020 | 1 | 35 | 39.90 | 40.00 | 25.32–56.73 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Nurses | Not reported | 1 | 70 | 51.40 | 51.43 | 39.85–62.85 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| All specialties | No data | |||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | ||||||||||
| All professions | 2012–2020 | 19 | 4211 | 7.10–70.60 | 35.70 | 26.96–45.51 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 96.80 | 7.62–78.90 |
| Health Care Workers | 2013–2020 | 2 | 527 | 35.47–52.20 | 42.39 | 31.33–54.27 | 0.3543 | 0.0032 | 76.50 | N/A |
| Doctors | 2015–2016 | 6 | 812 | 22.00–47.00 | 35.69 | 28.87–43.15 | 0.0002 | 76.20 | 16.50–60.93 | |
| Residents | 2012–2018 | 6 | 610 | 19.90–70.60 | 46.34 | 27.55–66.22 | < 0.0001 | 94.40 | 4.30–94.32 | |
| Nurses | 2014–2017 | 3 | 1918 | 7.10–53.80 | 17.78 | 5.15–46.27 | < 0.0001 | 98.90 | 0.00–100.00 | |
| EMTs | 2017–2019 | 2 | 344 | 26.70–41.00 | 32.89 | 23.63–43.71 | 0.0073 | 72.00 | N/A | |
| All specialties | 2012–2020 | 19 | 4211 | 7.10–70.60 | 35.70 | 26.96–45.51 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 96.80 | 7.62–78.90 |
| Internal medicine | Not reported | 1 | 149 | 40.20 | 40.27 | 32.70–48.33 | < 0.0001 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Surgery | 2017 | 1 | 34 | 70.60 | 70.59 | 53.44–83.39 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Emergency medicine | 2015–2016 | 2 | 205 | 31.40–41.00 | 34.63 | 28.44–41.40 | 0.1666 | 0.00 | N/A | |
| Family medicine | 2015–2016 | 1 | 69 | 22.00 | 21.74 | 13.55–32.98 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| UAE | ||||||||||
| All professions | 2008–2016 | 5 | 727 | 7.80–65.50 | 44.2 | 22.60–68.25 | N/A | < 0.0001 | 97.00 | 1.62–97.45 |
| Residents | 2012–2016 | 4 | 634 | 50.00–65.50 | 58.47 | 51.15–65.43 | < 0.0001 | 0.0066 | 63.9 | 29.95–82.25 |
| Allied Health Staff | 2008 | 1 | 93 | 7.80 | 7.53 | 3.63–14.96 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| All specialties | No data | |||||||||
EMT Emergency Medical Technician
aOnly calculated when 3 or more data points available