Table 2.

Heterogeneity and pleiotropy analysis of the serum 25(OH)D concentration on three COVID-19 phenotypes using different sets of SNPs as instrumental variables

Outcomes	SNPs selection	MR methods	Number of SNPs	Cochran Q statistic	Heterogeneity p‐value	MR-Egger
						Intercept	Intercept p-value
COVID-19 susceptibility	Complete	IVW	112	214.2548	1.49E−08	− 0.0001	0.9561
	Complete	MR-Egger	112	214.2489	1.06E−08
	Complete	Maximum likelihood	112	214.2201	1.50E−08
	Steiger filtered	IVW	109	211.3969	1.08E−08	− 0.0002	0.9495
	Steiger filtered	MR-Egger	109	211.3890	7.64E− 09
	Steiger filtered	Maximum likelihood	109	211.3606	1.09E− 08
	Outlier removed	IVW	106	128.5356	0.0592	− 0.0008	0.7440
	Outlier removed	MR-Egger	106	128.4032	0.0525
	Outlier removed	Maximum likelihood	106	128.4887	0.0595
COVID-19 severity	Complete	IVW	112	137.6576	0.0439	0.0033	0.9573
	Complete	MR-Egger	112	137.6540	0.0382
	Complete	Maximum likelihood	112	137.6563	0.0439
	Steiger filtered	IVW	109	128.7771	0.0843	− 0.0053	0.4718
	Steiger filtered	MR-Egger	109	128.1526	0.0780
	Steiger filtered	Maximum likelihood	109	128.7767	0.0843
	Outlier removed	IVW	109	128.7771	0.0843	− 0.0053	0.4718
	Outlier removed	MR-Egger	109	128.1526	0.0780
	Outlier removed	Maximum likelihood	109	128.7767	0.0843
COVID-19 hospitalization	Complete	IVW	111	136.2421	0.0456	− 0.0037	0.3797
	Complete	MR-Egger	111	135.2766	0.0447
	Complete	Maximum likelihood	111	136.2287	0.0456
	Steiger filtered	IVW	109	134.9943	0.0403	− 0.0033	0.5101
	Steiger filtered	MR-Egger	109	134.4456	0.0375
	Steiger filtered	Maximum likelihood	109	134.9891	0.0403
	Outlier removed	IVW	109	134.9943	0.0403	− 0.0033	0.5101
	Outlier removed	MR-Egger	109	134.4456	0.0375
	Outlier removed	Maximum likelihood	109	134.9891	0.0403

COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, MR Mendelian randomization, OR odds ratio, IVW inverse variance weighted, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D