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. 2021 Jun 28;26(13):3959. doi: 10.3390/molecules26133959

Table 3.

Bioactivities of secondary metabolites produced by the Cladosporium species.

Name (Code) Biological Activity Concentration Results Ref.
Alkaloids
Aspidospermidin-20-ol, 1-acetyl-17-methoxy (2) Antimicrobial 125 µg mL−1; Xanthomonas oryzae (MIC); [24]
62.50 µg mL−1; Pseudomonas syringae (MIC);
320.5 µg mL−1 Aspergillus flavus (MIC)
Cladosporine A (4) Antimicrobial 4 μg mL−1; Staphylococcus aureus (MIC); [84]
16 μg mL−1 Candida albicans (MIC)
Cytochalasin D (5) Antibacterial 25 μg mL–1 S. aureus (MIC) [85]
2-Methylacetate-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (6) Antibacterial 12.5 μg mL–1 S. aureus (MIC) [85]
Azaphilones
Lunatoic acid A (10) Phytotoxic 100 μg mL–1 Brassica rapa; Sorghum durra; Brassica campestris; Capsicum annuum; Raphanus sativus [49]
Benzofluoranthenones
(6bS,7R,8S)-4,9-Dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-1,6b,7,8-tetra-hydro-2H-benzo[J]fluoranthen-3-one (13) Inhibition of anti-CD28-induced IL2 2.4 µM IC50 [27]
(6bR,7R,8S)-7-Methoxy-4,8,9-trihydroxy-1,6b,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[J]fluoranthen-3-one (15) Inhibition of anti-CD28-induced IL2 2.5 µM IC50 [27]
Abl tyrosine kinase 0.76 µM IC50
(6bS,7R,8S)-7-Methoxy-4,8,9-trihydroxy-1,6b,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[J]fluoranthen-3-one (16) Inhibition of anti-CD28-induced IL2 0.4 µM IC50 [27]
Abl tyrosine kinase 0.06 µM IC50
Benzopyranones
Coniochaetone A (17) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (67.4%), C4-2B (13.87%), RWPE-1 (17.3%) [43]
Coniochaetone B (18) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (32.7%), C4-2B (2.9%), RWPE-1 (19.7%) [43]
Coniochaetone K (19) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (64.6%), C4-2B (7.2%), RWPE-1 (11.7%) [43]
Binaphthopyrones
Cladosporinone (20) Cytotoxic 53.7 µM L5178Y (IC50) [22]
Antibacterial 64 µg mL−1 S. aureus (MIC)
Viriditoxin (21) Cytotoxic 0.1 µM L5178Y (IC50) [22]
Antibacterial 0.015 µg mL−1 S. aureus (MIC)
Viriditoxin SC-28763 (22) Cytotoxic 0.25 µM L5178Y (IC50) [22]
Antibacterial 2 µg mL−1 S. aureus (MIC)
Viriditoxin SC-30532 (23) Antibacterial 16 µg mL−1 S. aureus (MIC) [22]
Butenolides and butanolides
Cladospolide F (24) Lipid accumulation 10 µM Oleic acid [94]
Cladospolide G (25) Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [32]
1 µg mL−1; Glomerella cingulata (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; Bipolaris sorokiniana (MIC);
1 µg mL−1 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (MIC)
ent-Cladospolide F (27) Antibacterial 8 µg mL−1; S. aureus (MIC); [32]
16 µg mL−1; Edwardsiella ictarda (MIC);
64 µg mL−1 P. aeruginosa (MIC)
Acetylcholinesterase 40.46 µM IC50
11-Hydroxy-γ-dodecalactone (28) Lipid accumulation 10 µM Oleic acid [94]
iso-Cladospolide B (29) Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [32]
32 µg mL−1; Edwardsiella tarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
64 µg mL−1 G. cingulata (MIC)
Antimicrobial 16 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
8 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
8 µg mL−1; Clematis mandshurica Miura (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; B. sorokiniana (MIC);
32 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (MIC)
Citrinin dervatives
Citrinin H1 (33) Antibacterial 6.25 μg mL−1; S. aureus (MIC); [85]
12.5 μg mL−1; E. coli (MIC);
12.5 μg mL−1 B. cereus (MIC)
Cladosporin A (34) Toxic 72.0 µM brine shrine nauplii (IC50) [92]
Cladosporin B (35) Toxic 81.7 µM brine shrine nauplii (IC50) [92]
Cladosporin C (36) Toxic 49.9 µM brine shrine nauplii (IC50) [92]
Cladosporin D (37) Antioxidant 16.4 µM DPPH radicals (IC50) [92]
Toxic 81.4 µM brine shrine nauplii (IC50)
Coumarins and isocoumarins
Cladosporin (39) Antimicrobial 75 µg mL−1; dermatophytes (100%); [12]
40 µg mL−1 spore germination of Penicillium sp. (100%) and Aspergillus sp. (100%)
30 µM Colletotrichum acutatum (92.7%), Colletotrichum fragariae (90.1%), C. gloeosporioides (95.4%), Plasmopara viticola (79.9%) [25]
500 µg mL−1; X. oryzae (MIC), A. flavus (MIC); [24]
62.50 µg mL−1 Fusarium solani (MIC)
Phytotoxic 10−3 M etiolated wheat (81%) [37]
5′-Hydroxyasperentin (40) Antimicrobial 15.62 µg mL−1; X. oryzae (MIC); [24]
62.50 µg mL−1; P. syringae (MIC);
15.62 µg mL−1; A. flavus (MIC);
7.81 µg mL−1 F. solani (MIC)
30 µM P. viticola (53.9%), Phomopsis obscurans (25.6%) [25]
Isocladosporin (41) Antimicrobial 30 µM C. fragariae (50.4%), C. gloeosporioides (60.2%), P. viticola (83.0%) [25]
15.62 µg mL−1; X. oryzae (MIC), P. syringae (MIC); [24]
125 µg mL−1; A. flavus (MIC);
62.50 µg mL−1 F. solani (MIC)
Phytotoxic 10−3 M etiolated wheat (100%) [37]
Cyclohexene derivatives
Cladoscyclitol B (48) Inhibition of α-glucosidase 2.95 µM IC50 [82]
Depsides
3-Hydroxy-2,4,5-trimethylphenyl 4-[(2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate (51) Antimicrobial 25 µg mL−1; B. subtilis (bacteriostatic); [69,98]
25 µg mL−1; P. aeruginosa (bacteriostatic);
250 µg mL−1; E. coli (bacteriostatic);
250 µg mL−1 S. aureus (bacteriostatic)
3-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate (53) Antimicrobial 25 µg mL−1; B. subtilis (MIC); [69,98]
25 µg mL−1; P. aeruginosa (MIC);
250 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC);
250 µg mL−1; S. aureus (MIC)
3-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl 4-[(2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate (54) Antimicrobial 250 µg mL−1; B. subtilis (bacteriostatic); [69,98]
250 µg mL−1; P. aeruginosa (bacteriostatic);
250 µg mL−1; E. coli (bacteriostatic);
250 µg mL−1 S. aureus (bacteriostatic)
Flavonoids
(2S)-7,4′-Dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)- flavanone (59) Enzymatic inhibitory 11 µM; PTP1B (IC50); [93]
27 µM TCPTP (IC50)
Lactones
Cladosporamide A (75) Enzymatic inhibitory 48 µM; PTP1B (IC50); [93]
54 µM TCPTP (IC50)
Macrolides
Cladocladosin A (80) Antimicrobial 16 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [34]
1 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC);
4 µg mL−1; P. aeruginosa (MIC);
2 µg mL−1; Vibrio anguillarum (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; F. oxysporium f. sp. momordicae (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; Penicillium digitatum (MIC);
8 µg mL−1 Harpophora maydis (MIC)
Cladospolide B (83) Phytotoxic 1 µg plant−1 Oryza sativa (37.8%) [64]
5R-Hydroxyrecifeiolide (90) Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC); [32]
32 µg mL−1 P. aeruginosa (MIC)
5S-Hydroxyrecifeiolide (91) Antimicrobial 16 µg mL−1 G. cingulata (MIC) [32]
5Z-7-Oxozeaenol (94) Phytotoxic 4.8 µg mL−1 Amaranthus retroflexus (IC50) [49]
Pandangolide 1 (95) Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; S. aureus (MIC); [32]
4 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
1 µg mL−1; G. cingulata (MIC);
32 µg mL−1 P. aeruginosa (MIC)
Pandangolide 3 (98) Antimicrobial 2 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC); [33]
8 µg mL−1 B. sorokiniana (MIC)
32 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
32 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (MIC)
Sporiolide A (101) Antimicrobial 16.7 µg mL−1; Micrococcus luteus (MIC); [88]
16.7 µg mL−1; C. albicans (MIC);
8.4 µg mL−1; Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC);
16.7 µg mL−1; Aspergillus niger (MIC);
8.4 µg mL−1 Neurospora crassa (MIC)
Cytotoxic 0.13 µg mL−1 L1210 (IC50)
Sporiolide B (102) Antimicrobial 16.7 µg mL−1 M. luteus (MIC) [88]
Cytotoxic 0.81 µg mL−1 L1210 (IC50)
Thiocladospolide A (103) Antimicrobial 1 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [33]
8 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
2 µg mL−1 C. glecosporioides (MIC)
32 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
32 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 C. gloeosporioides (MIC)
Thiocladospolide B (104) Antimicrobial 2 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC); [33]
32 µg mL−1; Physalospora piricola (MIC);
1 µg mL−1ù F. oxysporum (MIC)
Thiocladospolide C (105) Antimicrobial 1 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC); [33]
32 µg mL−1; P. piricola (MIC);
32 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum (MIC)
Thiocladospolide D (106) Antimicrobial 1 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC); [33]
1 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; P. piricola (MIC);
1 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum (MIC)
Thiocladospolide F (108) Antimicrobial 16 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [34]
2 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC);
2 µg mL−1; V. anguillarum (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; F. oxysporium f. sp. momordicae (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; P. digitatum (MIC);
4 µg mL−1 H. maydis (MIC)
Thiocladospolide F bis (109) Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
16 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 B. sorokiniana (MIC)
Thiocladospolide G (110) Antimicrobial 2 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [34]
2 µg mL−1; V. anguillarum (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; F. oxysporium f. sp. momordicae (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; P. digitatum (MIC);
8 µg mL−1 H. maydis (MIC)
Thiocladospolide G bis (111) Antimicrobial 4 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
32 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; C. mandshurica Miura (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC);
32 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (MIC)
Thiocladospolide H (112) Antimicrobial 16 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
8 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 B. sorokiniana (MIC)
Thiocladospolide I (113) Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
32 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (MIC)
Thiocladospolide J (114) Antimicrobial 16 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
16 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; C. mandshurica Miura (MIC);
16 µg mL−1; C. gloeosporioides (MIC);
32 µg mL−1; B. sorokiniana (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (MIC)
Zeaenol (115) Phytotoxic 8.16 µg mL−1 A. retroflexus (IC50) [49]
Naphthalene derivatives
Cladonaphchrom A (116) Antimicrobial 1.25 µg mL−1; Scaphirhynchus albus (MIC); [83]
2.5 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC);
10 µg mL−1; B. subtilis (MIC);
5 µg mL−1; Micrococcus tetragenus (MIC);
10 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
50 µg mL−1; Alternaria brassicicola (MIC);
50 µg mL−1; Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (MIC);
25 µg mL−1; Colletotrichum capsici (MIC);
100 µg mL−1; B. oryzae (MIC);
50 µg mL−1; Diaporthe medusaea (MIC);
50 µg mL−1 Cyanophora paradoxa (MIC)
Cladonaphchrom B (117) Antibacterial 2.5 µg mL−1; S. albus (MIC); [83]
2.5 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC);
5 µg mL−1; B. subtilis (MIC);
5 µg mL−1; M. tetragenus (MIC);
10 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
25 µg mL−1; A. brassicicola (MIC);
50 µg mL−1; P. parasitica var. nicotianae (MIC);
25 µg mL−1; C. capsici (MIC);
100 µg mL−1; D. medusaea (MIC);
50 µg mL−1 C. paradoxa (MIC)
Naphtalenones
Altertoxin XII (120) Quorum sensing inhibitory 20 µg well−1 Chromobacterium violaceum (MIC) [87]
Cladosporol A (121) Antifungal 100 ppm Uromyces appendiculatus (84.2%) [66]
Β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis inhibitor 10 µg ml IC50 [26]
Cladosporol B (122) Antifungal 100 ppm U. appendiculatus (100%) [66]
Cladosporol C (123) Antifungal 100 ppm U. appendiculatus (77.6%) [66]
Antibacterial 8 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [39]
64 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 Vibrio harveyi (MIC)
Cytotoxic 33.9 µM; A549 (100%); [86]
45.6 µM; H1975 (100%);
72.5 µM; HL60 (100%);
11.4 µM MOLT-4 (100%)
14 µM; A549 (IC50); [39]
4 µM H446 (IC50)
Cladosporol D (124) Antifungal 100 ppm U. appendiculatus (69.4%) [66]
Anti-COX-2 60.2 µM IC50 [86]
Cladosporol E (125) Antifungal 100 ppm U. appendiculatus (74.8%) [66,85]
Cladosporol F (126) Antibacterial 32 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [39]
64 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
32 µg mL−1 V. harveyi (MIC)
Cytotoxic 15 µM; A549 (IC50); [39,40]
10 µM; HeLa (IC50);
23 µM; K562 (IC50);
23 µM HCT-116 (IC50)
Cladosporol G (127) Cytotoxic 3.9 µM; HeLa (IC50); [40]
8.8 µM; K562 (IC50);
19.5 µM HCT-116 (IC50)
Cladosporol G bis (128) Antibacterial 64 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [39]
128 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
64 µg mL−1 V. harveyi (MIC)
Cytotoxic 13 µM; A549 (IC50);
11 µM; HeLa (IC50);
10 µM; Huh7 (IC50);
11 µM; L02 (IC50);
14 µM; LM3 (IC50);
15 µM SW1990 (IC50)
Cladosporol H (129) Antibacterial 32 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [39]
64 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
4 µg mL−1 V. harveyi (MIC)
Cytotoxic 5 µM; A549 (IC50);
10 µM; H446 (IC50);
1 µM; Huh7 (IC50);
4.1 µM; LM3 (IC50);
10 µM; MCF-7 (IC50);
14 µM SW1990 (IC50)
Cladosporol I (130) Quorum sensing inhibitory 30 µg well−1 C. violaceum (MIC) [87]
Antibacterial 64 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [39]
64 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 V. harveyi (MIC)
Cytotoxic 10.8 µM HeLa (IC50)
Cladosporol J (131) Antibacterial 16 µg mL−1; E. coli (MIC); [39]
64 µg mL−1; M. luteus (MIC);
32 µg mL−1 V. harveyi (MIC)
Cytotoxic 15 µM; A549 (IC50);
4 µM; H446 (IC50);
4.9 µM; HeLa (IC50);
6.2 µM; Huh7 (IC50);
13 µM; L02 (IC50);
9.1 µM; LM3 (IC50);
1.8 µM; MCF-7 (IC50);
2.2 µM SW1990 (IC50)
Cladosporone A (132) Cytotoxic 14.3 µM; K562 (100%); [86]
15.7 µM; A549 (100%);
29.9 µM; Huh-7 (100%);
40.6 µM; H1975 (100%);
21.3 µM; MCF-7 (100%):
10.5 µM; U937 (100%);
17.0 µM; BGC823 (100%);
10.1 µM; HL60 (100%);
53.7 µM; HeLa (100%)
14.6 µM MOLT-4 (100%)
Anti-COX-2 49.1 µM IC50
(3S)-3,8-Dihydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-α- tetralone (137) Antibacterial 20 µM S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus [81]
Scytalone (139) Antibacterial 63.6 µg mL−1; Bacillus cereus (IC50); [68]
95.5 µg mL−1 E. coli (IC50)
Naphtoquinones and anthraquinones
Anhydrofusarubin (142) Cytotoxic 3.97 μg mL–1 K-562 (IC50) [90]
Methyl ether of fusarubin (143) Cytotoxic 3.58 μg mL–1 K-562 (IC50) [90]
Antibacterial 40 μg disc–1 S. aureus (27 mm), Bacillus megaterium (22 mm), E coli (25 mm), P. aeruginosa (24 mm)
Toxic 81.4 µM brine shrine naupalii (IC50)
Perylenequinones
Altertoxin VIII (145) Quorum sensing inhibitory 30 µg well−1 C. violaceum (MIC) [87]
Altertoxin IX (146) Quorum sensing inhibitory 30 µg well−1 C. violaceum (MIC) [87]
Aterotoxin X (147) Quorum sensing inhibitory 20 µg well−1 C. violaceum (MIC) [87]
Altertoxin XI (148) Quorum sensing inhibitory 30 µg well−1 C. violaceum (MIC) [87]
Calphostin A (=UCN-1028A) (149) PK inhibition 0.19 µg mL−1; PKC (IC50); [29,30]
40 µg mL−1 PKA (IC50)
Cytotoxic 0.29 µg mL−1; HeLa S3 (IC50);
0.21 µg mL−1 MCF-7 (IC50)
Calphostin B (150) PK inhibition 1.04 µg mL−1; PKC (IC50); [7]
22.9 µg mL−1 PKA (IC50)
Cytotoxic 2.56 µg mL−1; HeLa S3 (IC50);
1.61 µg mL−1 MCF-7 (IC50)
Calphostin C (=cladochrome E) (151) PK inhibition 0.05 µg mL−1 PKC (IC50) [30]
Cytotoxic 0.23 µg mL−1; HeLa S3 (IC50);
0.18 µg mL−1 MCF-7 (IC50)
Calphostin D (= ent-isophleinchrome) (152) PK inhibition 6.36 µg mL−1; PKC (IC50); [30]
12.7 µg mL−1 PKA (IC50)
Cytotoxic 8.45 µg mL−1; HeLa S3 (IC50);
2.69 µg mL−1 MCF-7 (IC50)
Phytotoxic 5 µg L−1 Sugar beet cells
(100% inhibition in the light, 37–64% inhibition in the dark)		 [46]
33 µg L−1 Necrosis on sugar beet leaves
Calphostin I (= Cladochrome D) (153) PK inhibition 6.36 µg mL−1; PKC (IC50); [30]
12.7 µg mL−1 PKA (IC50)
Cytotoxic 0.24 µg mL−1; HeLa S3 (IC50);
0.16 µg mL−1 MCF-7 (IC50)
Phleichrome (154) Invertase I inhibition 0.5 mM 62% [99]
Seco acids
Cladospolide E (159) Lipid accumulation 10 µM Oleic acid;
Triglycerides (~170 µg mg−1 protein);
Total cholesterol (~3 µg mg−1 protein)		 [94]
Seco-patulolide A (161) Lipid accumulation 10 µM Oleic acid;
Triglycerides (~150 µg mg−1 protein);
Total cholesterol (~3 µg mg−1 protein)		 [94]
Seco-patulolide C (162) Lipid accumulation 10 µM Oleic acid;
Triglycerides (~150 µg mg−1 protein);
Total cholesterol (~3 µg mg−1 protein)		 [94]
Antimicrobial 32 µg mL−1; E. tarda (MIC); [50]
32 µg mL−1; E. ictarda (MIC);
16 µg mL−1 C. gloeosporioides (MIC)
(3S,5S,11S)-Trihydroxydodecanoic acid (163) Antibacterial 63.6 µg mL−1 B. cereus (MIC) [68]
Cytotoxic 42 µM; MCF-7;
82 µM T47D
Antibacterial 40 μg disc–1 S. aureus (27 mm), B. megaterium (22 mm), E coli (25 mm), P. aeruginosa (24 mm)
Toxic 81.4 µM brine shrine naupalii (IC50)
Sterols
Cladosporide A (164) Antifungal 0.5 µg mL−1 Aspergillus fumigatus (IC50) [79]
Cladosporide B (165) Antifungal 3 µg disc−1 A. fumigatus (11 mm) [80]
Cladosporide C (166) Antifungal 1.5 µg disc−1 A. fumigatus (11 mm) [80]
3α-Hydroxy-pregn-7-ene-6,20-dione (171) Anti-adipogenic 1.25 – 10 µM 3T3-L1 [62]
Tetramic acids
Cladodionen (176) Cytotoxic 28.6 µM HL-60 (IC50) [58]
4.5 µM; K562 (IC50); [89]
6.6 µM; HL-60 (IC50);
12 µM; HCT-116 (IC50);
11 µM; PC-3 (IC50);
15 µM; SH-SYSY (IC50);
22 µM MGC-803 (IC50)
18.7 µM; MCF-7 (IC50); [96]
19.1 µM; HeLa (IC50);
17.9 µM; HCT-116 (IC50);
9.1 µM HL-60 (IC50)
3.7 µM L5178 (IC50) [63]
Antifungal 100 mg/plate; Ustilago maydis (0.97 cm);
100 mg/plate Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3.27 cm)
Cladosin B (178) Renoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney cell damage 25 µM;
50 µM;
100 µM		 LLC-PK1 (dose-dependent) [60]
Cladosin C (179) Antiviral 276 µM H1N1 (IC50) [55]
Cladosin F (181) Renoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney cell damage 25 µM;
50 µM;
100 µM		 LLC-PK1 (dose-dependent) [60]
Cladosin I (184) Cytotoxic 4.1 µM; K562 (IC50); [89]
2.8 µM; HL-60 (IC50);
11 µM; HCT-116 (IC50);
13 µM; PC-3 (IC50);
12 µM; SH-SYSY (IC50);
19 µM MGC-803 (IC50)
Cladosin J (185) Cytotoxic 6.8 µM; K562 (IC50); [89]
7.8 µM HL-60 (IC50)
Cladosin K (186) Cytotoxic 5.9 µM; K562 (IC50); [89]
7.5 µM; HL-60 (IC50);
14 µM; HCT-116 (IC50);
18 µM PC-3 (IC50)
Cladosin L (187) Renoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney cell damage 25 µM;
50 µM;
100 µM		 LLC-PK1 (dose-indipendent) [60]
Cladosin L bis (188) Antibacterial 25 µM; S. aureus ATCC 700699 (IC50); [63]
50 µM S. aureus ATCC 29213 (IC50)
Cladosporicin A (192) Cytotoxic 70.88 µM; Bt549 (IC50); [61]
74.48 µM; HCC70 (IC50);
75.54 µM; MDA-MB-231 (IC50);
79.36 µM MDA-MB-468 (IC50)
Cladosporiumin I bis (202) Cytotoxic 76.18 µM; Bt549 (IC50); [61]
85.29 µM; HCC70 (IC50);
82.37 µM; MDA-MB-231 (IC50);
81.44 µM MDA-MB-468 (IC50)
Cladosporiumin J bis (204) Cytotoxic 78.96 µM; Bt549 (IC50); [61]
76.41 µM; HCC70 (IC50);
79.27 µM; MDA-MB-231 (IC50);
74.64 µM MDA-MB-468 (IC50)
Tropolones
Malettinin A (210) Antimicrobial 33.1 µM; Trichophyton rubrum (IC50); [95]
100 µM C. albicans (81%)
Malettinin B (211) Antimicrobial 28.3 µM; Xanthomonas campestris (IC50); [95]
60.6 µM; T. rubrum (IC50);
100 µM; Staphylococcus epidermidis (<80%);
100 µM; B. subtilis (<80%);
100 µM C. albicans (<80%)
Malettinin C (212) Antimicrobial 37.9 µM; X. campestris (IC50); [95]
83.2 µM; T. rubrum (IC50);
100 µM; S. epidermidis (<80%);
100 µM; B. subtilis (<80%);
100 µM C. albicans (<80%)
Malettinin E (213) Antimicrobial 28.7 µM; X. campestris (IC50); [95]
30.7 µM; T. rubrum (IC50)
Xanthones
Conioxanthone A (218) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (36.8%), C4-2B (3.3%), RWPE-1 (20.3%) [43]
3,8-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (219) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (82.1%), C4-2B (77.7%), RWPE-1 (11.5%) [43]
α-Diversonolic ester (220) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (28.8%), C4-2B (12.9%), RWPE-1 (24.3%) [43]
β-Diversonolic ester (221) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (40.2%), C4-2B (2.8%), RWPE-1 (10.3%) [43]
8-Hydroxy-6-methylxanthone-1-carboxylic acid (222) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (71.3%), C4-2B (60.7%), RWPE-1 (19.7%) [43]
Methyl 8-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)- 9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (223) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (68.1%), C4-2B (20.2%), RWPE-1 (19.0%) [43]
Methyl 8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (224) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (55.8%), C4-2B (8.1%), RWPE-1 (5.3%) [43]
8-(Methoxycarbonyl)-1-hydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-3-carboxylic acid (225) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (63.9%), C4-2B (12.2%), RWPE-1 (27.0%) [43]
Vertixanthone (227) Cytotoxic 10 µM 22RV1 (27.1%), RWPE-1 (25.0%) [43]
Miscellaneous
Acetyl Sumiki’s acid (229) Antibacterial 5 μg disc−1 B. subtilis (7 mm), S. aureus (7 mm) [44]
1,1′-Dioxine-2,2′-dipropionic acid (233) Antibacterial 25 μg mL−1; S. aureus (MIC); [85]
25 μg mL−1; E. coli (MIC);
12.5 μg mL−1 B. cereus (MIC)
4-O-α-d-Ribofuranose-2-pentyl-3-phemethylol (238) Inhibition of α-glucosidase 2.50 µM IC50 [82]
Sumiki’s acid (241) Antibacterial 5 μg disc−1 B. subtilis (7 mm), S. aureus (7 mm) [44]
Taxol (242) Cytotoxic 3.5 µM HCT 15 (IC50) [51]
Antibacterial 30 µL disc−1; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 mm);
20 µL disc−1; Escherichia coli (3 mm);
30 µL disc−1; Klebsiella pneumoniae (2 mm);
20 µL disc−1; Acetobacter sp. (2 mm);
40 µL disc−1 Bacillus subtilis (1 mm)
Vermistatin (244) Antibacterial 25 μg mL−1; S. aureus (MIC); [85]
25 μg mL−1 B. cereus (MIC)