Table 1.

Nanomaterials and related mechanism proposed for CL enhancement.

Nanomaterial	Enhancement Mechanism Exploiting Luminol/H2O2 CL System	Features	Ref.
Metal nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs, PtNPs, etc.)	MNPs catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 leading to the formation of a hydroxyl radical, which reacts with a luminol anion and HO2−. These species are involved in the production of a luminol radical and a superoxide anion leading to light emission. The radical generation and electron transfer processes take place on the surface of the MNPs, which are therefore responsible for the facilitation of these processes.	chemical reactivity catalytic properties surface properties biocompatibility ease of self-assembly	[50]
Quantum dots	Quantum dots act first by decomposing H2O2 to generate free radicals and then promoting CL by energy transfer and electron transfer annihilation effects.	catalytic properties for redox reactions size-dependent catalytic action controllable charge-electron-transfer events, biocompatibility	[41]
Carbon nanomaterials(carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs))	A possible mechanism involves the reaction between carbon materials with π-rich electronic structures and luminol allowing the formation of the activated transition complex. This complex may accelerate electron-transfer processes during the luminol-dissolved oxygen CL reaction.	low toxicity, environmental friendliness low cost simple synthetic routes tunable catalytic activities depending on surface functionalization	[51]